International legal aspects of the freedom of navigation and economic activities in the Baltic Sea

Abstract

Freedom of navigation and the peaceful use of maritime spaces are among the most complex issues in contemporary international maritime law, as they involve the interests of states, economic actors, and international organisations. These issues have gained particular relevance in the twenty-first century in the context of growing geopolitical tensions and the increasing use of hybrid methods in interstate confrontation. Their consequences are especially evident in the Baltic Sea, where incidents involving damage to underwater infrastructure, acts of sabotage, vessel detentions, and restrictions affecting navigation and economic activity have become increasingly frequent. This article aims to examine the legal nature of restrictions on navigation and economic activities in the Baltic Sea and to identify possible legal approaches to overcoming them. To achieve this objective, the authors analyse the international legal framework governing maritime space, freedom of navigation, and economic activity at sea. Particular attention is paid to the assessment of incidents involving vessel detentions and damage to underwater infrastructure in the Baltic Sea, as well as to the legal implications of these developments for the exercise of navigational rights and maritime economic activities. The study concludes that, despite the unprecedented level of political tension in the region, the law of the sea remains the principal legal framework governing navigation and economic activity in the Baltic Sea. It continues to provide the normative basis for balancing the interests of coastal states and other users of maritime spaces and remains the primary mechanism for regulating maritime relations in the region.