The article examines the spatial characteristics of economic security in enclave and exclave territories as a distinct type of region characterised by territorial fragmentation, institutional dependence, and constrained economic connectivity. The relevance of this work is driven by increasing geopolitical instability, growing cross-border restrictions, and the increased vul­nerability of enclaves to external shocks and crises. A comparative analysis of a sample of enclave (exclave) territories identifies key conditions for their economic securi­ty, including financial support from the “mother state”, transportation accessibility, and the specifics of their economic regimes. It is shown that these factors play a compensating role but do not eliminate structural constraints to development. The paper proposes a conceptual framework for understanding the distinctive nature of economic security in enclave and ex­clave territories through a system of attributes that capture their dual role as both sources of opportunities and sources of constraints. The “enclave effect” is substantiated, manifesting itself in increased vulnerability, dependence on external conditions, and the formation of per­sistent structural imbalances. Using the Kaliningrad region as an example, the spatial chara­cteristics of eco­nomic security are revealed, allowing for consideration of regional specifics when developing sustainable development strategies. The study concludes that it is necessary to assess the spatial characteristics of enclave (exclave) economic security when developing a strategy for ensuring it and substantiating an economic development model. The study’s results expand the theoretical understanding of regional economic security and have practical implications for public policy.

For the first time in Russian academic discourse, the article examines strategic assessments of the Baltic region’s role in Poland’s contemporary security policy, drawing on institutional and situational analysis as well as elements of scenario modelling. These assessments serve as the basis for military and diplomatic initiatives and adjustments to strategic planning in the deve­lopment and modernisation of the armed forces. Building on strategic foreign and se­curity policy documents, a corpus of legislative acts, and statements by Poland’s political and military leadership, the author reconstructs the hierarchy of priorities underpinning Poland’s contemporary security policy. The findings reveal a marked increase in the significance of the Baltic region within Poland’s security policy since the escalation of the international political crisis in 2022. This trend is reflected in the systematic adaptation of state institutions to the prospect of conducting autonomous operations in the Baltic region. Consistent efforts have been undertaken to strengthen national defence capabilities, with particular emphasis on the de­velopment of a regional Baltic security architecture. The study contributes to a deeper under­standing of subregional security dynamics in the Baltic Sea region and has practical relevance for foreign and security policy planning institutions in the Russian Federation.

Freedom of navigation and the peaceful use of maritime spaces are among the most complex issues in contemporary international maritime law, as they involve the interests of states, economic actors, and international organisations. These issues have gained particular relevance in the twenty-first century in the context of growing geopolitical tensions and the increasing use of hybrid methods in interstate confrontation. Their consequences are especially evident in the Baltic Sea, where incidents involving damage to underwater infrastructure, acts of sabotage, vessel detentions, and restrictions affecting navigation and economic activity have become increasingly frequent. This article aims to examine the legal nature of restrictions on navigation and economic activities in the Baltic Sea and to identify possible legal approaches to overcoming them. To achieve this objective, the authors analyse the international legal framework governing maritime space, freedom of navigation, and economic activity at sea. Particular attention is paid to the assessment of incidents involving vessel detentions and damage to underwater infrastructure in the Baltic Sea, as well as to the legal implications of these developments for the exercise of navigational rights and maritime economic activities. The study concludes that, despite the unprecedented level of political tension in the region, the law of the sea remains the principal legal framework governing navigation and economic activity in the Baltic Sea. It continues to provide the normative basis for balancing the interests of coastal states and other users of maritime spaces and remains the primary mechanism for regulating maritime relations in the region.

The article examines the formation and evolution of the U.S. policy toward Greenland between 1941 and 1968. The purpose of the study is to identify how Greenland’s place in American foreign policy and defence planning evolved over time, as well as to determine the role of interagency coordination in shaping Washington’s policy toward Greenland. The research is based on declassified archival materials from U.S. foreign policy, intelligence, and military agencies, many of which are introduced into scholarly circulation for the first time. These materials make it possible to trace the relationship between U.S. strategic objectives, the dynamics of bilateral relations with Denmark, and the development of Arctic infrastructure. The study finds that Greenland’s significance for the United States gradually extended beyond the requirements of local defence and became part of a broader strategy of containing the Soviet Union. It demonstrates that, at different stages, Washington combined diplomatic flexibility with a persistent commitment to maintaining a long-term military presence on the island. Particular attention is paid to the changing functions of American military infrastructure in Greenland as nuclear strategy, delivery systems, and early-warning capabilities evolved. The article concludes that U.S. policy toward Greenland was shaped not by a single factor but by a combination of strategic, diplomatic, and institutional interests. It further argues that the crisis surrounding the American military presence in 1968, triggered by the crash of a U.S. bomber carrying nuclear weapons, revealed the limitations of the previous model of bilateral cooperation.