Spatial characteristics of economic security for enclave (exclave) territories

Abstract

The article examines the spatial characteristics of economic security in enclave and exclave territories as a distinct type of region characterised by territorial fragmentation, institutional dependence, and constrained economic connectivity. The relevance of this work is driven by increasing geopolitical instability, growing cross-border restrictions, and the increased vul­nerability of enclaves to external shocks and crises. A comparative analysis of a sample of enclave (exclave) territories identifies key conditions for their economic securi­ty, including financial support from the “mother state”, transportation accessibility, and the specifics of their economic regimes. It is shown that these factors play a compensating role but do not eliminate structural constraints to development. The paper proposes a conceptual framework for understanding the distinctive nature of economic security in enclave and ex­clave territories through a system of attributes that capture their dual role as both sources of opportunities and sources of constraints. The “enclave effect” is substantiated, manifesting itself in increased vulnerability, dependence on external conditions, and the formation of per­sistent structural imbalances. Using the Kaliningrad region as an example, the spatial chara­cteristics of eco­nomic security are revealed, allowing for consideration of regional specifics when developing sustainable development strategies. The study concludes that it is necessary to assess the spatial characteristics of enclave (exclave) economic security when developing a strategy for ensuring it and substantiating an economic development model. The study’s results expand the theoretical understanding of regional economic security and have practical implications for public policy.