Балтийский регион
Baltic Region
ISSN: 2079-8555 (Print)
ISSN: 2310-0524 (Online)
ENG | RUS
The environmental problems of the Baltic Sea basin
Pages 35-47

The main environmental problems of the Baltic Sea and the ways to solve them

DOI:
10.5922/2079-8555-2011-1-5

Abstract

The Baltic Sea is a unique ecological system, an integral part of the global ecological system, which is in urgent need of protection from destructive anthropogenic impact stemming from the production and consumption of nuclear energy and artificial radionuclides, agriculture, oil and oil product transportation, and sewage and solid waste treatment. The article outlines the main environmental problems of the Baltic Seas and the ways to solve them.


1. Emelyanov, E. M. 1995. Baltic Sea: geology, geochemistry, paleoceanography, pollution. P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology RAS, Atlantic Branch. Kaliningrad:Yantarny Skaz, p. 120.
2. Lass, H. U., Matthäus, W. 2008. General oceanography of the Baltic Sea. In:Feistel R., Nausch G., Wasmund N. (Ed.). State and evolution of the Baltic Sea 1952—2005. Hoboken, N. J.: John Wiley & Sons, Inc, pp. 5—44.
3. Ducrotoy, J. P, Elliott, M. 2008. The science and management of the North Sea and the Baltic Sea: Natural history, present threats and future challenges. Mar Pollut Bull. Vol. 57, pp. 8—21.
4. Pawlak, J. 1980. Land-based inputs of some major pollutants to the Baltic Sea. Ambio Special issue on the Baltic, pp. 163—167.
5. Herrmann, J. 1998. Levels of radioactivity. In: The Radiological Exposure of the Population of the European Community to Radioactivity in the Baltic Sea. Maria-Balt Project, 2d S. P. Nielsen. Proceedings of a Seminar held at Hasseludden Conference Centre, Stockholm, 9—11 June 1998, pp. 77—129.
6. Brugmann, L. 1981. Heavy metals in the Baltic Sea. In The State of the Baltic, Ed. By G. Kullenberg, Mar. Pollut. Bull. Vol. 12 (6), pp. 214—218.
7. HELCOM (2004). Baltic Sea Environmental Proceedings. 2004. N 108.Heavy Metal Pollution to the Baltic Sea in 2004. Helsinki Commission. Baltic Marine Environmental Protection Commission. № 108, pp. 33.
8. Ojaveer, H., MacKenzie, B. R. 2007. Historical development of fisheries in northern Europe-Reconstructuring chronology of interaction between nature and 105.
9. Perttila, M., Tervo, V., Parmanne, R. 1982. Marine Pollution Bulletin,Vol. 13, Issue 11, pp. 391—393.
10. Brugmann, L., Hennings, U. 1994. Chemistry and Ecology, Vol. 9, Issue 2,pp. 87—103.
11. Donskov N. 2002. The Baltic Sea — the Sea of death. Novaja
Gazeta.18 April 2002. № 28.
12. Long-Lived Radionuclides in the Seabed of the Baltic Sea. Report of the Sediment Baseline Study of HELCOM MORS-PRO in 2000—2005. Baltic Sea Environment Proc.: Publ. HELCOM. 2006. N 110.
13. Sorokoletov, S. The Baltic Sea is in danger. Ecology and Life. 09.02.2009.
14. Kalinin, V. A. 2006. Chemical weapons and ecology of the Baltic Sea. Bulletin of Russian State University named after I. Kant. № 6.
15. Schiewer, U. 2008. Ecology of Baltic Coastal Waters. Berlin. Heidelberg:Springer-Verlag, p.428.
16. HELCOM (2006). Proportion of sourses contributing to water bourne nitrogen and phosphorus input into the Baltic Sea. № 102. HELCOM, p. 56.
17. Environmental Protection Agency. 2006. Report 5815.
18. Bianchi, T. S., Westman, P., Andren T., Rolff C. and Elmgre R. 2000. Cyanobacterial blooms in the Baltic Sea: natural or human induced? Limnol. Oceanogr.Vol. 45, pp. 716—726.
19. HELCOM (2009). Eutrophication in the Baltic Sea — An integrated thematic assessment of the effects of nutrient enrichment and eutrophication in the Baltic Sea region. Balt Sea Environ Proc No 115B. Helsinki: HELCOM, p. 148.

20. Flinkman, J., Aro, E., Vuorinen, I., Viitasalo, M. 1998. Changes in northern Baltic zooplankton and herring nutrition from 1980s to 1990s: top-down and bottom-up processes at work. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. Vol. 165. pp. 127—136.
21. Bonsdorff, E., Blomqvist, E., Mattila J. and Norkko A. 1997. Estuar. Coastal Shelf Sci. Vol. 44, pp. 63—72.
22. Rheinheimer, G. 1998. Naturwissenschaften. Vol. 85(7), pp. 318—329.
23. WWF (1995). Special issue on oil in the Baltic Sea. World Wide Fund for Nature. Baltic Bull. 2—3.
24. Victorov, S. V., Korovin, L. K., Ustinov, B. P. 2006. State and Transport,
№ 6.
25. Ecological safety of “North Stream” project. Oil and Gas Eurasia, June 2009, № 6.
26. Wuff, F., Rahn, L., Jonsson, P., Brydsten, L., Ahl, T., Granmo, A. 1993.A mass balance model of chlorinated organic matter for the Baltic Sea — a challenge to ecotoxicology. Ambio. V. 22, pp. 27—31.
27. Kryshev, I. I., Ryazantsev, E. P. 2000. Ecological safety of nuclear energy complex of Russia. Moscow, p. 384.
28. Bulletin on atomic energy. Atominform. Moscow. May-June 2008, pp. 20—44.
29. Radioactivity of the Baltic Sea, 1999—2006. 2009. HELCOM Thematic Assessment.Baltic Sea Environment Proc.: Publ. HELCOM. N 117.
30. Andreev, B. M.., Zelvensky, Y. D., Katalnikov, S. G. 1987. Heavy isotopes of hydrogen in atom technique. Moscow.
31. Wilson, P. D. 1996. The Nuclear Fuel Cycle. Oxford University Press, pp. 1—17.
32. Sinha, R. K.& Kakodkar A. 2003. INS News. Vol 16, p. 15.
33. Ignalina Nuclear Power Plant (6 June 2009).NNP preventive maintenance. Press release. Retrieved 31 December 2009.
34. Maloney, J. O. 1955. Production of Heavy Water. McGraw-Hill. New York.
35. Shatenshtain, A. I. 1957. Isotopic Analysis of Water. 2 Ed. Moscow.
36. Mosin, O. V., Skladnev, D. A., Shvets, V. I. 1999. Biosynthesis of 2Н-labeled inosine by the bacterium Bacillus subtilis in heavy water medium. Bulletin of Russian Academy of Sciences. Biology series. № 4, pp. 403—413.
37. Agapov, A. M., Tishkov, V. P., Stepanov, A. B., Stovbur, V. I. 2008. The Safety of environmental. Radiation Monitoring, № 2.
38. Finnish Centre for Radiation and Nuclear Safety. Evaluation of population doses in the vicinity of a nuclear power plant. 23 Jan. 1997 (in Finnish).
39. Stepanov, A. V., Tishkov, V. P., Panteleev, J. A., Gavrilov, V. N. 2009. Radioactive pollution after failure on Chernobyl atom power station. Works of radium institute named after V. G. Hloponina. Т. XIV, pp. 154—162.
40. Skwarzec, B., Struminska, D. I., Boryto, A. 2006. Nukleonika, Vol. 51, pp. 45—51.
41. Radioactivity in the Baltic Sea 2000—2005. 2008. Baltic Sea Environment Proc.: Publ. HELCOM N 85.
42. The Baltic Sea Joint Comprehensive Environmental Action Programme.1993. HELCOM. Helsinki. (Balt. Sea Environ. Proc. No. 48), pp. 2—1; 3—20.
43. HELCOM (2007). 2007. Baltic Sea Action Plan. Helsinki: HELCOM, p. 10.
44. Bastrop, R., Blank, M. 2005. Biological Invasions. Vol. 8. N. 5, pp. 1195—1200.

Abstract
The article