The influence of the sea on the economic development and settlement structure in the Baltic Sea region
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2017-2-1
gravitational force of the sea
Baltic Sea
macroregion
typology of regions
coastal development corridors
Abstract
Earliest studies into the influence of the sea on the economy and settlement structure date back to the mid-19th century. They became common in the 20th century. Researchers have come to a general understanding that a coastal position has a beneficial effect on the development of regions. Such areas have a denser population and develop more rapidly than inland regions. At the same time, the effect of environmental, socioeconomic, demographic, and political factors is often stronger than the influence of the sea. Thus, an inland position can be more beneficial than a coastal one. Both trends are observed in the Baltic Sea macroregion. However, the ‘gravitational force’ of the sea varies from place to place. This article focuses on the most significant differences between territories and countries. These differences reflect the uneven influence of the proximity of the Baltic Sea on the development of population and national economies. Qualitative differences between mesoregions are measured using a combination of theoretical and empirical typologies. An economic, statistical, and cartographic analysis helps to identify a special type of mesoregions — coastal development corridors, which make an important contribution to the economic development and consolidation of the Baltic macroregion. In transnational macroregions, such typological differences must be taken into account in strategic and spatial planning at the intergovernmental level.
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12. Ivchenko, V. V. 2008, Setevoe programmirovanie razvitiya primorskikh regionov Rossii [Network programming development of coastal regions of Russia], Kaliningrad. (In Russ.)
13. Klemeshev, A. P., Fedorov G. M. 2004, Ot izolirovannogo eksklava — k «koridoru razvitiya». Al'ternativy rossiiskogoeksklava na Baltike [From an isolated exclave — to the "corridor of development". Alternatives to the Russian oil in the Baltic], Kaliningrad. (In Russ.)
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16. Lymarev, V. I. 1986, Morskie berega i chelovek [Sea coast and people], Moscow. (In Russ.)
17. Mechnikov, L. I. 1898, Tsivilizatsiya i velikie istoricheskie reki. Geograficheskaya teoriya razvitiya sovremennykh obshchestv [Civilization and the great historical rivers. Geographic theory of the development of modern societies], St. Petersburg. (In Russ.)
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19. The national economy of the USSR for 70 years, 1987, Jubilee statistical yearbook, Moscow. (In Russ.)
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23. Slevich, S. B. 1988, Okean, resursy i khozyaistvo [Ocean, resources and economy], Leningrad. (In Russ.)
24. Druzhinin, A. G. (ed.) 2016, Sotsial'no-ekonomicheskoe razvitie primorskikh regionov Evropeiskoi chasti Rossii: faktory, trendy, modeli [Socio-economic development of the coastal regions of the European part of Russia: factors, trends, models], Rostov-on-Don. (In Russ.)
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30. Antipolis, S. 2001, Urban Sprawl in the Mediterranean region. Mediterranean Blue Plan, available at: http://planbleu.org/sites/default/files/publications/ urbsprawl_1.pdf (accessed 15.02.2017).
31. Area by NUTS 3 region, 2017, Eurostat, available at: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database (accessed 11.03.2017).
32. Barreto, A. 2003, Social Change in Portugal: 1960—2000, In: Pinto, A. C. Contemporary Portugal Politics, society and culture, N. Y., p. 159—182.
33. Blackburn, S., Marques, C. 2013, Mega-urbanization on the coast. In: Pelling, M., Blackburn, S. Megacities and the Coast: risk, resilience andtransformation, L., N. Y., p. 25—26.
34. Database Eurostat, available at: ec. europa.eu/eurostat/web/transport/data/database (accessed 01.02.2017).
35. Friedmann, J. 1967, A general theory of polarized development. Ford Foundation. Urban and Regional Development Advisory Program in Chile, Santiago.
36. Izci, R. 2004, How to interpret sustainability in the Mediterranean. In: Xuereb, P. G. (ed.) The Mediterranean's European challenge. Msida, Vol. 5, The European Union and the Mediterranean, p. 611—628.
37. Hynes, S., Farrelly, N. 2012, Defining standard statistical coastal regions for Ireland, Marine Policy, Vol. 36, no. 2, p. 393—404.
38. Kasanko, M., Barredo, J. I., Lavalle, C. et al. 2006, Are European Cities Becoming Dispersed? A Comparative Analysis of Fifteen European Urban Areas, Landscape and Urban Planning, Vol. 77, no. 1—2, p. 111—130.
39. Kildow, J. T., McIlgorm, A. 2010, The importance of estimating the contribution of the oceans to national economies, Marine Policy, Vol. 34, no. 3, p. 367—374.
40. Leontidou, L. 1990, The Mediterranean City in Transition, Cambridge, p. 296.
41. McFadden, L. 2007, Governing Coastal Spaces: The Case of Disappearing Science in Integrated Coastal Zone Management, Coastal Management, Vol. 35, no. 4, p. 429—443.
42. Makhzoumi, J., Chmaitelly, H., Lteif, C. 2012, Holistic conservation of biocultural diversity in coastal Lebanon: A landscape approach, Journal of Marine and Island Cultures, Vol. 1, no. 1, p. 27—37.
43. Metchnikoff, L. 1889, La civilisationet les grands fleuveshistoriques.
44. Nicholls, R. J., Wong, P. P., Burkett, V. R. et al. 2007, Coastal systems and low-lying areas. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Portnews, available at: https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg2/ar4-wg2-chapter6.pdf (accessed 01.01.2017).
45. Pullen, J., Ching, J., Sailor D. et al. 2008, Progress toward the challenges of our coastal urban future, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society (BAMS), November, p.1727—1731.
46. Salvati, L. 2014, Looking at the Future of the Mediterranean Urban Regions: Demographic Trends and Socioeconomic Implications, Romanian journal of regional science, Vol. 8, no. 2, p. 74—83.
47. Salvati, L., Forino, G. 2014, A ‘laboratory’ of landscape degradation: social and economic implications for sustainable development in peri-urban areas, Innovation and Sustainable Development, Vol. 8, no. 3, p. 232—249.
48. Salvati, L., Zitti, M. 2007, Territorial disparities, natural resource distribution, and land degradation: a case study in southern Europe, Geojournal, Vol. 70, no. 2—3, p.185—194.
49. Sayas, J. P. 2006, Urban sprawl in the peri-urban coastal zones of Athens, The Greek Review of Social Research, Special issue 121, p. 71—104. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/grsr.9569.
50. Serra, P., Vera, A., Tulla, A. F. 2014, Spatial and Socio-environmental Dynamics of Catalan Regional Planning from a Multivariate Statistical Analysis Using 1980s and 2000s Data, European Planning Studies, Vol. 22, no. 6, p. 1280—1300. DOI: 10.1080/09654313.2013.782388.
51. Shi-Qing, L., Rui, L. 2012, Reshaping Economic Geography of China: “Four Little Dragons” and a New Round of China's Western Development, RSA China Conference 2015: “Harmonious Development, Common Prosperity and the Transformation of Cities and Regions”, available at: http://www.regionalstudies.org/uploads/funding/conferences/presentations/european-conference-2012/pr... (accessed 11.02.2017).
52. Schubel, J. R., Carolyn, L. 2000, The Emergence of Megacities, Medicine and Global Survival, Vol. 6, no. 2, p. 107—110.
53. Small, C. 2004, Global population distribution and urban land use in geophysical parameter space, Earth Interactions,Vol. 8, p. 1—18.
54. Sreeja, K. G., Madhusoodhanan, C. G., Eldho, T. I. 2016, Coastal zones in integrated river basin management in the West Coast of India: Delineation, boundary issues and implications, Ocean and Coastal Management, Vol. 119. p. 1—13. DOI: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2015.09.017.
55. Stojanovic, T. A., Farmer, C. 2013, The development of world oceans & coasts and concepts of sustainability, Marine Policy, Vol. 42, p. 157—165. DOI: 10.1016/j. marpol.2013.02.005.
56. Suárez Vivero, J. L. de, Rodríguez Mateos, J. C. 2005, Coastal Crisis: The Failure of Coastal Management in the Spanish Mediterranean Region, Coastal Management, Vol. 33, no. 2, p. 197—214. DOI: 10.1080/08920750590917602.