Polish-Russian Small Border Traffic in the Context of Russia-EU Relations
Abstract
This article sets out to analyse the Polish-Russian agreement on small border traffic in the context of relations between the European Union and the Russian Federation. The analysis focuses on the role of the Kaliningrad region of the Russian Federation in relations between the EU and Russia and conditions of the Polish-Russian agreement on small border traffic. The methodology employed is based on analysing primary (documents) and secondary (scholarly publications, press articles) sources. The article also addresses the “Kaliningrad question” — one of the most important issues in Russia-EU relations. The analysis shows that the signing of the Polish-Russian agreement on small border traffic should be viewed as a success. Based on the agreement, the inhabitants of borderlands in Poland and Russia (the Kaliningrad region) can cross the border without obtaining an entry visa. For the inhabitants of the borderlands, the agreement brings a range of significant advantages relating to the intensification of social, cultural, touristic, and economic contacts. It is worth noting that the agreement is one of very few examples of EU —Russia cooperation, especially in context of deterioration thereof observed over the last several years.
2. Cichocki B., Pełczyńska-Nałęcz K., Wilk A. Obwód Kaliningradzki w kontekście rozszerzenia Unii Europejskiej // Prace OSW. 2001. URL: http://www.osw. waw. pl/pl/publikacje/Prace-OSW?page=4 (дата обращения: 28.01.2012).
3. Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament „Towards integrated management of the external borders of the member states of the European Union”, Brussels, 7.5.2002, COM(2002) 233 final. URL:http://eur-lex. europa. eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ. do?uri=COM:2002:0233:FIN: EN:PDF (дата обращения: 18.08.2012).
4. Ćwiek-Karpowicz J. Współpraca unijno-rosyjska rok po inauguracji Partnerstwa dla modernizacji // Biuletyn — Polski Instytut Spraw Międzynarodowych. 2011. Nr 62.
5. Gemziak Ł. Obwód Kaliningradzki — rosyjska enklawa wewnątrz Unii Europejskiej // Dialogi Polityczne. 2008. Nr 10.
6. Gromadzki G., Wilk A. Overcoming Alienation: Kaliningrad as a Russian Enclave inside the European Union, Warsaw. January 2001.
7. Menkiszak М. Rosja wobec Unii Europejskiej: kryzys „strategicznego partnerstwa” // Prace OSW. 2006. Nr 22. S. 3—32. Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich.
8. Moshes А. Kaliningrad: Challenges Between Russia and Europe // I. Kempe (ed.). Prospects and Risks Beyond EU Enlargement. 2003. Opladen.
9. Polska-Kaliningrad: od czerwca bez wiz? Podpisano umowę o małym ruchu granicznym. URL: http://www. tvpparlament. pl/aktualnosci/polskakaliningrad-odczerwca-bez-wiz/5885914 (дата обращения: 02.02.2012).
10. Regulation (EC) No 1931/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 December 2006 laying down rules on local border traffic at the external land borders of the Member States and amending the provisions of the Schengen Convention. URL: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:405:0001:0022:EN:PDF (дата обращения: 01.02.2012).
11. Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Coucil of 15 March 2006 establishing a Community Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across borders (Schengen Borders Code). URL: http://eur-lex.europa. eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:105:0001:0032:EN:PDF (дата обращения: 20.05.2012).
12. Rogoża J., Wierzbowska-Miazga A., Wiśniewska I. Wyspa na uwięzi.Kaliningrad między Moskwą a UE // Prace OSW. 2012. Nr 41. URL: http://www.osw.waw.pl/sites/default/files/Prace_41_PL. pdf (дата обращения: 11.03.2013).
13. Sergounin A. Kaliningrad: Russian Outpost or Window on Europe? URL:http://www. policy. hu/sergounin/ppaper. html (дата обращения: 12.12.2013).
14. The Hague Programme: strengthening freedom, security and justice in the European Union (2005/C 53/01). URL: http://eur-lex. europa. eu/LexUriServ/ Lex-UriServ.do?uri=OJ:C:2005:053:0001:0014:EN:PDF (дата обращения: 18.08.2012).
15. Vinokurov E. Economic Prospects for Kaliningrad. Between EU Enlargement and Russia’s Integration into the World Economy // CEPS Working Document.2004. № 201.
16. Vladimir Putin opposes visa facilitation for the Kaliningrad oblast // Eastweek.08.06.2011. Centre for Easter Studies. URL: http://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/eastweek/2011-06-08/vladimir-putin-opposes-visa-facilitation-kaliningrad-oblast (дата обращения: 0.05.2012).
17. Wspólna Strategia UE wobec Rosji. R. Dziewulski, R. Hyskawy // Biuletyn Analiz UKIE. Nr 1. Warszawa. Listopad 1999.
18. Zarządzanie granicami zewnętrznymi. URL: http://circa.europa.eu/irc/opoce/fact_sheets/info/data/policies/freedom/article_7307_pl.htm (дата обращения:18.08.2012).
19. Кузнецов А. Расширение ЕС и Калининградская область // Мировая экономика и международные отношения. 2001. № 2.
20. Отношения Россия — ЕС на пороге перемен. Liber amicorum в честь профессора Л. М. Энтина. М., 2009.
21. Польско-российское соглашение о местном приграничном передвижении. URL: http://www.msz.gov.pl/files/docs/komunikaty/20111214MGR/tresc%20umowy%20o%20mgr-pl.pdf (дата обращения: 03.02.2012).
22. Россия и Европейский союз. Переосмысливая стратегию взаимоотношений. М., 2003.
23. Смородинская Н. Калининград в условиях объединения Европы: вызов и ответ // Вопросы экономики. 2001. № 11.
24. Соглашение между Правительством Республики Польша и Правительством Российской Федерации об условиях взаимных поездок граждан Республики Польша и граждан Российской Федерации. Варшава. 18 сентября 2003.M. P. 2003. № 51 поз. 800. 18.09.2003.