Russia-EU energy efficiency cooperation in the Baltic region: the untapped potential
DOI:
10.5922/2079-8555-2014-1-2
EU-Russia relations
energy
energy efficiency
normative power
legal convergence
Abstract
A stereotypical understanding of EU-Russia energy relations is often reduced to trade in oil and natural gas, which downplays the importance of energy efficiency cooperation. Such cooperation is promoted within the Energy Charter and its Treaty, Partnership and Cooperation Agreement, Energy Dialogue, Common Economic Space, Partnership for Modernisation. However, it lacks practical development, which relates to the instability of the legal environment in Russia, insufficient mechanisms of financial support for energy conservation projects and poor political support. Nevertheless, energy efficiency cooperation is capable of changing Russia-EU energy cooperation qualitatively: it offers a cheaper way to meet the needs of the EU, redefines interdependence between the parties, and introduces new elements of equality between them. Energy efficiency cooperation also transforms the patterns of the EU-Russia legal harmonization, creates new conditions for the convergence of regulations and the development of the middle class in Russia. Due to its specific features, cooperation in the Baltic Sea region becomes a locomotive of the Russia-EU energy efficiency cooperation, and, as a result, is capable of changing the quality of relations between the partners.
1. Energy Efficiency in Russia: Untapped Reserves, 2013, World Bank Group, no date, p. 5, available at: http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/de1e58804aababd79797d79e0dc67fc6/IFC+EE+in+Russia+Untapped+Potential.pdf?MOD=AJPERES (accessed 23.12.2013).
2. Ukaz Prezidenta Rossijskoj Federacii ot 4 ijunja 2008 g. № 889 «O nekotoryh merah po povysheniju jenergeticheskoj i jekologicheskoj jeffektivnosti rossijskoj jekonomiki» [Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated June 4, 2008 № 889 «On measures to improve energy and environmental efficiency of the Russian
economy»], 2008, Reference and consultation system «Consultant Plus».
3. Rasporjazhenie Pravitel'stva Rossijskoj Federacii ot 13 nojabrja 2009 g.№ 1715-r «Jenergeticheskaja strategija Rossii na period do 2030 goda» [Decree of the Russian Federation of November 13, 2009 № 1715-r «Energy Strategy of Russia for the period up to 2030»], 2009, Reference and consultation system «Consultant
Plus».
4. Federal'nyj zakon ot 23 nojabrja 2009 g. № 261-FZ «Ob jenergosberezhenii I o povyshenii jenergeticheskoj jeffektivnosti i o vnesenii izmenenij v otdel'nye zakonodatel'nye akty Rossijskoj Federacii» [Federal Law of November 23, 2009 № 261-FZ «On energy saving and energy efficiency improvements and on Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation»], 2009, Reference and consultation system «Consultant Plus».
5. Rasporjazhenie Pravitel'stva Rossijskoj Federacii ot 27 dekabrja 2010 g.№ 2446-r «Gosudarstvennaja programma Rossijskoj Federacii «Jenergosberezhenie i povyshenie jenergeticheskoj jeffektivnosti na period do 2020 goda» [Decree of the Russian Federation of December 27, 2010 № 2446-p «State Program of the Russian
Federation» Energy saving and energy efficiency for the period up to 2020»], 2010, Reference and consultation system «Consultant Plus».
6. Pjat' vektorov razvitija [Five vectors of development], 2009, Rossiyskaya Gazeta, September 17, 2009, available at: www.rg.ru/2009/09/17/medvedd.html (accessed 23. 12. 2013).
7. Medvedev, D. 2009, Russia, Forward! Russian President's official website,available at: http://eng.kremlin.ru/transcripts/298 (accessed 23.12.2013).
8. Communication from the Commission of 29 April 1998, «Energy efficiency in the European Community — Towards a strategy for the rational use of energy»,1998, COM, no. 246 final, available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/Lex UriServ.do?uri=COM:1998:0246:FIN:EN:PDF (accessed 11.10.2013).
9. Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament,the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, of 26 April 2000, «Action Plan to improve energy efficiency in the European Community », 2000, COM, no. 247 final, available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/
LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2007:0247:FIN:EN:PDF (accessed 19.09.2013).
10. Communication from the Commission, 19 October 2006, “Action Plan for Energy Efficiency: Realising the Potential”, 2006, COM, no. 545 final, available at:http://ec.europa.eu/energy/action_plan_energy_efficiency/doc/com_2006_0545_en.pdf
(accessed 13.11.2013).
11. European Council Presidency Conclusions, 2007, 8—9 March 2007, available at: http://arc.eppgroup.eu/Press/pfocus/docs/March07.pdf (accessed 05.09.2013).
12. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, 8 March, 2011, “Energy Efficiency Plan”, 2011, COM, no. 109 final, available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2011:
0109:FIN:EN:PDF (accessed 11.09.2013).
13. Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council, 25 October 2012, “On Energy Efficiency, Amending Directives 2009/125/EC and 2010/30/EU and Repealing Directives 2004/8/EC and 2006/32/EC (2012/27/EU)’ (2012/27/EU), available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/JOHtml.do?uri=OJ:L:2012:315:SOM:EN:HTML
(accessed 13.11.2013).
14. Energy Charter Treaty, 1994, 17 декабря 1994, Lisbon, available at:
http://www.encharter.org/fileadmin/user_upload/document/RU.pdf (accessed 15.08. 2013).
15. Soglashenie o partnerstve i sotrudnichestve, uchrezhdajushhee partnerstvo mezhdu Rossijskoj Federaciej, s odnoj storony, i Evropejskimi soobshhestvami i ih gosudarstvami-chlenami, s drugoj storony [Agreement on Partnership and Cooperation Agreement establishing a partnership between the Russian Federation, on the one hand,
and the European Communities and their Member States, on the other hand], 1997, November 27, available at: docs. cntd.ru/document/1900668 (accessed 15.08. 2013).
16. Joint Declaration of the President of the European Council, Mr. J. Chirac, assisted by the Secretary-General of the Council/High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy of the EU, Mr. J. Solana, of the President of the Commission of the European Communities, Mr. R. Prodi, and of the President of the
Russian Federation, Mr. V. V. Putin, 2000, Paris, available at: www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/er/ACF262F.html (accessed 05.03.2013).
17. Romanova, T. 2013, EU — Russia energy cooperation: major development trends and the present state, Baltic Region, no. 3 (17), p. 4—13. doi: 10.5922/2079-8555-2013-3-1.
18. EU-Russian Energy Dialogue. The First Ten Years: 2000—2010, 2010,Brussels, available at: http://ec.europa.eu/energy/publications/doc/2011_eu-russia_energy_relations.pdf (accessed 29.07.2013).
19. Dorozhnaja karta jenergeticheskogo sotrudnichestva Rossii i ES do 2050 goda [Roadmap energy cooperation between Russia and the EU until 2050], 2013, Moscow, March, available at: minenergo. gov.ru/co-operation/russia_eu/road_map/ (accessed 23.12. 2013).
20. Dorozhnaja karta po obshhemu jekonomicheskomu prostranstvu [Roadmap for the Common Economic Space], 2005, Moscow, 10.05.2005, available at: http://www.mid.ru/ns-dos.nsf/162979df2beb9880432569e70041fd1e/042000c0cd9e8002c3256ffe002ae3a8? OpenDocument (accessed 23.11.2013).
21. Romanova, T., Pavlova, E. 2013, Rossijskaja modernizacija i Evrosojuz [Russia's modernization and the European Union], Sovremennaja Evropa [Modern Europe], no. 1, p. 45—57.
22. Boute, A. 2013, Energy Efficiency as a New Paradigm of the European External Energy Policy: The Case of the EU-Russian Energy Dialogue, Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 65, no. 6, p. 1021—1054.
23. Monaghan, A. 2007, Russia and the Security of Europe’s Energy Supplies: Security in Diversity? Swindon, Conflict Studies Research Centre.
24. Romanova, T., Pavlova, E. 2013, Rossija i strany Evrosojuza: Partnerstvo dlja modernizacii [Russia and the EU: Partnership for Modernisation], Mirovaja ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija [World Economy and International Relations], no. 8, p. 54—61.
2. Ukaz Prezidenta Rossijskoj Federacii ot 4 ijunja 2008 g. № 889 «O nekotoryh merah po povysheniju jenergeticheskoj i jekologicheskoj jeffektivnosti rossijskoj jekonomiki» [Decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated June 4, 2008 № 889 «On measures to improve energy and environmental efficiency of the Russian
economy»], 2008, Reference and consultation system «Consultant Plus».
3. Rasporjazhenie Pravitel'stva Rossijskoj Federacii ot 13 nojabrja 2009 g.№ 1715-r «Jenergeticheskaja strategija Rossii na period do 2030 goda» [Decree of the Russian Federation of November 13, 2009 № 1715-r «Energy Strategy of Russia for the period up to 2030»], 2009, Reference and consultation system «Consultant
Plus».
4. Federal'nyj zakon ot 23 nojabrja 2009 g. № 261-FZ «Ob jenergosberezhenii I o povyshenii jenergeticheskoj jeffektivnosti i o vnesenii izmenenij v otdel'nye zakonodatel'nye akty Rossijskoj Federacii» [Federal Law of November 23, 2009 № 261-FZ «On energy saving and energy efficiency improvements and on Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation»], 2009, Reference and consultation system «Consultant Plus».
5. Rasporjazhenie Pravitel'stva Rossijskoj Federacii ot 27 dekabrja 2010 g.№ 2446-r «Gosudarstvennaja programma Rossijskoj Federacii «Jenergosberezhenie i povyshenie jenergeticheskoj jeffektivnosti na period do 2020 goda» [Decree of the Russian Federation of December 27, 2010 № 2446-p «State Program of the Russian
Federation» Energy saving and energy efficiency for the period up to 2020»], 2010, Reference and consultation system «Consultant Plus».
6. Pjat' vektorov razvitija [Five vectors of development], 2009, Rossiyskaya Gazeta, September 17, 2009, available at: www.rg.ru/2009/09/17/medvedd.html (accessed 23. 12. 2013).
7. Medvedev, D. 2009, Russia, Forward! Russian President's official website,available at: http://eng.kremlin.ru/transcripts/298 (accessed 23.12.2013).
8. Communication from the Commission of 29 April 1998, «Energy efficiency in the European Community — Towards a strategy for the rational use of energy»,1998, COM, no. 246 final, available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/Lex UriServ.do?uri=COM:1998:0246:FIN:EN:PDF (accessed 11.10.2013).
9. Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament,the Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, of 26 April 2000, «Action Plan to improve energy efficiency in the European Community », 2000, COM, no. 247 final, available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/
LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2007:0247:FIN:EN:PDF (accessed 19.09.2013).
10. Communication from the Commission, 19 October 2006, “Action Plan for Energy Efficiency: Realising the Potential”, 2006, COM, no. 545 final, available at:http://ec.europa.eu/energy/action_plan_energy_efficiency/doc/com_2006_0545_en.pdf
(accessed 13.11.2013).
11. European Council Presidency Conclusions, 2007, 8—9 March 2007, available at: http://arc.eppgroup.eu/Press/pfocus/docs/March07.pdf (accessed 05.09.2013).
12. Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, 8 March, 2011, “Energy Efficiency Plan”, 2011, COM, no. 109 final, available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2011:
0109:FIN:EN:PDF (accessed 11.09.2013).
13. Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council, 25 October 2012, “On Energy Efficiency, Amending Directives 2009/125/EC and 2010/30/EU and Repealing Directives 2004/8/EC and 2006/32/EC (2012/27/EU)’ (2012/27/EU), available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/JOHtml.do?uri=OJ:L:2012:315:SOM:EN:HTML
(accessed 13.11.2013).
14. Energy Charter Treaty, 1994, 17 декабря 1994, Lisbon, available at:
http://www.encharter.org/fileadmin/user_upload/document/RU.pdf (accessed 15.08. 2013).
15. Soglashenie o partnerstve i sotrudnichestve, uchrezhdajushhee partnerstvo mezhdu Rossijskoj Federaciej, s odnoj storony, i Evropejskimi soobshhestvami i ih gosudarstvami-chlenami, s drugoj storony [Agreement on Partnership and Cooperation Agreement establishing a partnership between the Russian Federation, on the one hand,
and the European Communities and their Member States, on the other hand], 1997, November 27, available at: docs. cntd.ru/document/1900668 (accessed 15.08. 2013).
16. Joint Declaration of the President of the European Council, Mr. J. Chirac, assisted by the Secretary-General of the Council/High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy of the EU, Mr. J. Solana, of the President of the Commission of the European Communities, Mr. R. Prodi, and of the President of the
Russian Federation, Mr. V. V. Putin, 2000, Paris, available at: www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/er/ACF262F.html (accessed 05.03.2013).
17. Romanova, T. 2013, EU — Russia energy cooperation: major development trends and the present state, Baltic Region, no. 3 (17), p. 4—13. doi: 10.5922/2079-8555-2013-3-1.
18. EU-Russian Energy Dialogue. The First Ten Years: 2000—2010, 2010,Brussels, available at: http://ec.europa.eu/energy/publications/doc/2011_eu-russia_energy_relations.pdf (accessed 29.07.2013).
19. Dorozhnaja karta jenergeticheskogo sotrudnichestva Rossii i ES do 2050 goda [Roadmap energy cooperation between Russia and the EU until 2050], 2013, Moscow, March, available at: minenergo. gov.ru/co-operation/russia_eu/road_map/ (accessed 23.12. 2013).
20. Dorozhnaja karta po obshhemu jekonomicheskomu prostranstvu [Roadmap for the Common Economic Space], 2005, Moscow, 10.05.2005, available at: http://www.mid.ru/ns-dos.nsf/162979df2beb9880432569e70041fd1e/042000c0cd9e8002c3256ffe002ae3a8? OpenDocument (accessed 23.11.2013).
21. Romanova, T., Pavlova, E. 2013, Rossijskaja modernizacija i Evrosojuz [Russia's modernization and the European Union], Sovremennaja Evropa [Modern Europe], no. 1, p. 45—57.
22. Boute, A. 2013, Energy Efficiency as a New Paradigm of the European External Energy Policy: The Case of the EU-Russian Energy Dialogue, Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 65, no. 6, p. 1021—1054.
23. Monaghan, A. 2007, Russia and the Security of Europe’s Energy Supplies: Security in Diversity? Swindon, Conflict Studies Research Centre.
24. Romanova, T., Pavlova, E. 2013, Rossija i strany Evrosojuza: Partnerstvo dlja modernizacii [Russia and the EU: Partnership for Modernisation], Mirovaja ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija [World Economy and International Relations], no. 8, p. 54—61.