NONE20260602005908653Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal Universityno-reply@balticregion.kantiana.ruImmanuel Kant Baltic Federal UniversityBaltic Region2079-85552310-052406022026162Эксклавность Калининградской области: опыт экспликацииA. P.Klemeshevhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6343-3263Ya. A.Vorozheinahttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4777-2051The article explores the concept of exclavity using the Kaliningrad region as an example. The authors analyse the concept of exclavity, identify its key attributes and the degree of their relevance, describe indicators of exclavity as well as factors influencing it. The main attributes of the Kaliningrad region’s exclavity are geographical separation and remoteness. The authors distinguish two types of exclavity, absolute (attributive) and relative (functional), identify strategies for overcoming absolute exclavity and offer functional solutions to the ‘access problem’. Among these solutions are extraterritorial corridors and transit regimes. Exclaves are viewed as unique border territories where the balance between the barrier and contact functions of the border serves as an indicator of relative exclavity. The authors analyse key factors relevant to absolute exclavity and its functional state: the geopolitical context, the exclave policy of the parent state, the condition of the exclave as a territorial unit, and the identity of its population. The study employs a range of methods and approaches, including logical analysis, case studies, and comparative analysis.0602202641710.5922/2079-8555-2024-2-1https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/5572/49450/Klemeshev, A. P. 2005, Exclave as a factor of Kaliningrad region development, Vestnik of IKBFU. Series: Humanities and Social Sciences, vol. 3, p. 34—41. EDN: HVRIDNKlemeshev, A. P. 2009, Russian exclave on the baltic: evolution of exclavity and ways to overcome it, Baltic Region, vol. 2 (2), p. 86—97. EDN: KYPVIBSebentsov, A. B., Zotova, M. V. 2018, The Kaliningrad region: challenges of the exclave position and ways to offset them, Baltic Region, vol. 10, № 1, p. 89—106, https://doi.org/10.5922/2074-9848-2018-1-6Brun, G. 2016, Explication as a method of conceptual Rre-engineering, Erkenntnis, № 81, p. 1211—1241, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10670-015-9791-5Boniolo, G. 2003, Kant’s Explication and Carnap’s Explication, International Philosophical Quarterly, vol. 43, № 3, p. 289—298, https://doi.org/10.5840/ipq200343335Encarta World English Dictionary. 1999, New York, St. Martin’s Press, p. 652, 618.Collins English Dictionary. 1996, HarperCollins Publishers, p. 571, 540.Robinson, G. W. S. 1959, Exclaves, Annals of the Assotiation of American Geographers, vol. 49, № 3, p. 283—295, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1959.tb01614.xVinokurov, E. Y. 2007, A Theory of Enclaves, Kaliningrad, 342 p.Nies, S. 2015, Enclaves in International Relations, LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, 364 p.Suzuki, S., Inohara, T. 2015, Mathematical definitions of enclave and exclave, and applications, Applied Mathematics and Computation, vol. 268, p. 728—742, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2015.06.114Wang, X. 2023, Identification of enclaves and exclaves by computation based on point-set topology, International Journal of Geographical Information Science, № 37 (2), p. 307—338, https://doi.org/10.1080/13658816.2022.2120995Catudal, H. M. 1979, The Exclave Problem of Western Europe, Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, p. 126.Lunden, T. 2012, ‘Exclaves — Geographical and Historical Perspectives’ in Jańczak, J., Osiewicz, P. [eds.], European exclaves in the process of de-bordering and re-bordering, Berlin: Logos Verlag Berlin, p. 11—19.Zverev, Yu. M. 2018, Coastal exclaves among enclosed territories of the world, Vestnik of Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University. Series: Natural and Medical Sciences, № 4, p. 18—32. EDN: YVBBVZKlemeshev, A. P. 2005, Russian exclave: overcoming conflictogenicity, Saint Petersburg State University Publishing house, 263 p.Rozhkov-Yuryevsky, Yu. D. 2016, Kaliningrad and crimea as russian exclaves: similarities, differences, and interconnections, Vestnik of Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University. Series: Natural and Medical Sciences, № 3, p. 28—44. EDN: XBOEPRGudev, P. A. 2023, Freedom of Navigation in the Baltic (Risks and Challenges for the Russian Federation), Sovremennaya Evropa, № 7, p. 98—110, https://doi.org/10.31857/S0201708323070082Popov, F. A. 2011, Secessionism as a security threat, Eastern Analytics, № 2, p. 84—93. EDN: PAVSLTNurullin, R. M. 2010, On the concept of secession in political science, Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta Seriya Gumanitarnye Nauki, vol. 152, 1, p. 212—221. EDN: LDFTIDPlotnikov, F. Yu. 2024, The Baltic frontier. History of the conclusion of the Russian-Lithuanian border treaty, URSS, 112 с.Jokubaitis, A., Lopata, R. 2010, Geopolitical transformation of the Kaliningrad oblast of the Russian Federation, Baltic Region, № 2 (4), p. 24—38, https://doi.org/10.5922/2074-9848-2010-2-3Timirev, I. A. 2006, Danzig international arbitral court and the problem of east-prussian transit, Vestnik of Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, № 12, p. 51— 55. EDN: HZKWKZMorrow, I. F. D. 1936, The Peace Settlement in the German Polish Borderlands: A Study of Conditions To-day in the Pre-war Prussian Provinces of East and West Prussia, Oxford University Press, H. Milford, p. 558.Narinsky, M. M. 2009, The international political crisis on the eve of the Second World War, MGIMO Review of International Relations, № S4, p. 23—47. EDN: KUYLXLKiseleva, E. 2005, Kaliningrad Transit: Why to facilitate?, Lund University.Gumenyuk, I. 2023, Adaptation of mechanisms for ensuring transport security of the Kaliningrad region in the new geopolitical and geo-economic realities, Pskov Journal of Regional Studies, vol. 19, № 2, p. 41—51, https://doi.org/10.37490/S221979310025345-2Osmolovskaya, L. 2016, Border functions as a factor of development of border regionsand the formation of cross-border regions, Vestnik of Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University. Series: Natural and Medical Sciences, № 1, p. 45—54. EDN: VXCYJFGumenyuk, L. 2022, Functional-time variability of the boundary (case of Kaliningrad oblast borders), Regional Research, № 3 (77), p. 90—99, https://doi.org/10.5922/1994-5280-2022-3-8Kolosov, V. A., Sebentsov, A. B. 2023, The border as a barrier and an incentive for the structural economic transformation of the Kaliningrad exclave, Baltic Region, vol. 15, № 4, p. 104—123, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2023-4-6Sebentsov, A., Zotova, M. 2013, Geography and economy of the Kaliningrad region: limitations and prospects of development, Baltic Region, № 4 (18), p. 81—94, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2013-4-8Fedorov, G. M. 2019, Three development strategies of the Kaliningrad region (1991—2018), Vestnik of Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University. Series: Natural and Medical Sciences, № 3, p. 5—19. EDN: HXPYPAGumenyuk, I., Kuznetsova, T., Osmolovskaya, L. 2016, Local border traffic as an efficient tool for developing cross-border cooperation, Baltic Region, vol. 8, № 1, p. 67— 82, https://doi.org/10.5922/2074-9848-2016-1-6Smirnov, P. Ye. 2023, The Accession of Finland and Sweden to NATO: Geopolitical Implications for Russia’s Position in the Baltic Sea Region, Baltic Region, vol. 15, № 4, p. 42—61, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2023-4-3Пространственное развитие России в контексте формирования Большой Евразии: факторы, векторы, приоритетыL. A.BezrukovA. G.DruzhininO. V.KuznetsovaV. A.ShuperContemporary Russia’s spatial development is markedly affected by profound geoeconomic and geopolitical shifts, progressively more visible in terms of magnitude and repercussions. For Russia, the positive impact of these changes has become increasingly linked to the emergence of the Greater Eurasia macro-structure. This article aims to develop a contemporary conceptual approach to Greater Eurasia as a socio-geographical mega-structure given Russia’s oppo­sition to the collective West. Additionally, it seeks to identify, using this approach, the strate­gic interests, opportunities and limitations of Russia’s spatial dynamics on the path towards Eurasian continentalism, which promotes transboundary cooperation and mutually supportive co-development of Eurasian states. The focus of this contribution is on the most crucial con­temporary trends and principal contradictions in the transformation of the Russian space. The study provides a picture of the framework of ‘greater’ Eurasian integration, emphasising its connection to intensifying interregional and inter-municipal interactions. A rationale is out­lined for shifting the country’s economic activity towards the east and north, with priorities identified given the inertia of spatial processes and the growing significance of Siberia in the Russian space. The potential and efficiency of prolonging the ‘Moscow-centric’ arrangement of the Russian space are assessed from the perspective of ensuring the multidirectional develop­ment of the latter. Special attention is paid to the ‘municipalisation’ of approaches to the strate­gic planning of Russia’s spatial development in the context of Eurasian continental integration.06022026184010.5922/2079-8555-2024-2-2https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/5573/49451/Karaganov, S. A. 2021, Abour the Third Cold War, Russia in Global Affairs, vol. 19, № 4, p. 21—34, https://doi.org/10.31278/1810-6439-2021-19-4-21-34 (in Russ.).Druzhinin, A. G. 2021, The ideas of classical Eurasianism and modernity: a human-geographical analysis, Rostov-on-Don, Southern Federal University. EDN: KQJEXM (in Russ.).Druzhinin, A. G. 2023, The geopolitical effect of the maritime factor on the spatial development of post-soviet Russia: the Baltic case, Baltic Region, vol. 15, № 4, p. 6—23, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2023-4-1Vorozheina, Y. A., Klemeshev, A. P., Komleva, N. A., Druzhinin, A. G., Belozerov, V. K., Fedorov, G. M., Voloshenko, K. Yu. 2023, Geopolitical security of Russia: remarks on the problem statement, Baltic Region, vol. 15, № 1, p. 153—169, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2023-1-9Razumovsky, V. M., Fedorov, G. M., Bezdudnaya, A. G. 2019, Russian Baltics in the Eurasian space (Russia, St. Petersburg, Kaliningrad), Problems of modern economics, № 3 (71), p. 38—40. EDN: EXRJHC (in Russ.).Shuper, V. A. 2016, Eurasian Future of Russia: Alternating Integration and Disintegration Cycles, Baltic Region, vol. 8, № 4, p. 7—17, https://doi.org/10.5922/2074-9848-2016-4-1Bezrukov, L. 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The development of Russia through the eyes of a country scientist, M., New chronograph. EDN: SUOTFD (in Russ.).Gilmundinov, V. M., Pankova, Yu. V. 2023, Spatial Development of Russia under the Conditions of External and Internal Challenges, Studies on Russian Economic Development, vol. 34, № 4, p. 484—491, https://doi.org/10.47711/0868-6351-199-82-93 (in Russ.).Klepach, А., Miheeva, Н. 2020, Realities and Opportunities in the Megaproject “Russian Ark”, ECO, № 8, p. 66—86, https://doi.org/10.30680/ECO0131-7652-2020-8-66-86 (in Russ.).Kryukov, V. A., Seliverstov, V. E. 2022, Strategic planning of the spatial development of Russia and its macro-regions: Captured to old illusions, Russian Economic Journal, № 5, p. 22—40. doi.org/10.33983/0130-9757-2022-5-22-40 (in Russ.).Kuznetsova, O. 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V. 2018, Concentration of economic activity in Moscow and Saint Petersburg: trends, factors, implications for the cities, Problems of Territory’s Development, № 5 (97), p. 26—40, https://doi.org/10.15838/ptd.2018.5.97.2 (in Russ.).Druzhinin, P. V. 2022, The Resource Concentration in Moscow: Impact on the Economy of the Central Federal District, Spatial Economics, vol. 18, № 3, p. 115—140, https://dx.doi.org/10.14530/se.2022.3.115-140 (in Russ.).Homyakova, K. L. 2021, Moscow — a global city: features of development and social problems, SOCIOLOGY, № 2, p. 30—35 (in Russ.).Aleksandrova, A. Yu. 2015, Ranking of world global cities as tourist destinations and Moscow particular position, Regional Studies, № 3 (49), p. 122—130. EDN: VBLTNJ (in Russ.).Marshova, T. N. 2021, Problems and prospects of Moscow industry development, Region: Economics and Sociology, № 4, р. 97—131, https://doi.org/10.15372/REG20210404 (in Russ.).Andronova, L. N., Lantsova, N. M. 2022, Socio-Economic Development Features of Moscow in Current Conditions, Territorial development issues, vol. 10, № 1, https://doi.org/10.15838/tdi.2022.1.61.2 (in Russ.).Антропогенные и природные факторы формирования границ пригородной зоны Санкт-ПетербургаV. L.Martynovhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7741-1719I. Ye.Sazonovahttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3456-1223O. Ye.Vasilievahttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7779-8861I. M.Grekovhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0358-3144N. V.Sokolovahttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8516-0462The suburban area of St. Petersburg stands out as Russia’s most complex in terms of spatial structure, encompassing districts ranging from the suburban imperial residences of the 18th century to low-rise residential zones and modern multi-storey developments of the 21st century. This study concluded that extensive stretches of the administrative border between St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region divide homogeneous territories. Therefore, it makes little academic or practical sense to confine scholarly efforts solely to suburbs situated on one side of this border. The principal factor in delineating the St. Petersburg urban area is the transport accessibility of territories surrounding the city. It was empirically determined that the inner boundary of the suburban area is located approximately within the 40—45-minute isochrone from the city centre, while the outer boundary extends to the 2-hour isochrone. In the conditions of today’s St. Petersburg, a two-hour isochrone corresponds to a 60 km distance. Along with isochrones, the actual boundary of the suburban area is determined by several natural and anthropogenic factors.In terms of the natural environment, a significant part of the St. Petersburg suburban area is anthropogenic forest-steppe, whose landscapes are radically different from those of the area’s natural southern taiga subzone. 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S. 2012, Suburbs of Ulan-Ude and migration processes in the post-soviet Buryatia: the transformation of settlements and local communities, The Bulletin of Irkutsk State University. Series Political Science and Religion Studies, № 1, p. 92— 99. EDN: PARRTVBreslavsky, A. S. 2017, “Suburban Revolution”: The regional case (Ulan-Ude), Russian Peasant Studies, vol. 2, № 1, p. 90—101, https://doi.org/10.22394/2500-1809-2017-2-1-90-101 (in Russ.).Gnatyuk, G. A., Degteva, Z. F., Кuzin, V. Y. 2023, More on formation of the Yakutsk urban agglomeration, Vestnik of North-Eastern Federal University Series “Earth Sciences”, № 3, p. 65—72, https://doi.org/10.25587/SVFU.2023.31.3.008 (in Russ.).Brade, I., Makhrova, A. G., Nefedovа, T. G., Treyvish, A. I. 2013, Specific Features of Suburbanization in Moscow Agglomeration in the Post-Soviet Era, Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya, № 2, p. 19—29, https://doi.org/10.15356/0373-2444-2013-2-19-29Degusarova, V. S., Martynov, V. L., Sazonova, I. E. 2018, Geodemography of the Saint Petersburg suburbs, Baltic Region, vol. 10, № 3, p. 19—40, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2018-3-2Shchepetkova, I. O. 2018, Dachas in the suburbs of Perm: history, territorial organization, and regional features, Regional Research of Russia, vol. 8, № 4, p. 386—394, https://doi.org/10.1134/S2079970518040093Churakova, P. S. 2020, St. Petersburg Datcha’s as a Cultural Frontier Zone, Journal of Frontier Studies, vol. 5, № 1, p. 83—94, https://doi.org/10.24411/2500-0225-2020-10005Lachininskii, S. S., Sorokin, I. S., Maksimovich, N. V. 2023, Transformation of the residential system of the St. Petersburg agglomeration in the 2010—2022, Geographical Bulletin, № 3 (66), р. 41—53, https://doi.org/10.17072/2079-7877-2023-3-41-53 (in Russ.).Olifir, D. 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EDN: PXPIGH (in Russ.).Национальная инновационная система в контексте международных сравнений: пример стран Прибалтики и ЗакавказьяA.Margaryanhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5998-2227H.Terzyanhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3469-2909Е.Grigoryanhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0715-8866This article aims to identify the determinants of the development of national innovation systems in the globalised world and to carry out a cluster analysis of innovation systems of the South Caucasus and Baltic States. To this end, an Innovation System Development Index (ISDI) comprising 46 indicators was developed. The authors employed the macro-clustering method, as well as aggregation and combination techniques for parameters and sub-indices. Additionally, complete-linkage and K-means methods were used to group the countries. Kalinsky-Kharabaz and Duda-Hart indices, as well as dendrograms, were found to be the most effective techniques for producing the novel classification proposed in this contribution. It was demonstrated using the former method that national innovation systems exhibit qualitatively different cluster characteristics and follow different development trends. According to the findings, Estonia ranks first on the index among the study countries with (ISDI = 0.77), while the South Caucasus states form two subgroups. Armenia (ISDI = 0.50) and Georgia (ISDI = 0.53) comprise a relatively developed subgroup, whereas Azerbaijan (ISDI = 0.44) constitutes a separate unit, delivering a less remarkable performance. The latter method revealed that the Baltic States form the most developed cluster group, with Estonia once again at the top of the index (ISDI = 0.85). The Baltic States and the South Caucasus states comprised two separate groups. Except for the patent activity sub-index, Estonia outperforms the other study countries on all sub-indices. Armenia and Georgia rank relatively high on the patent activity sub-index, whereas Azerbaijan performs well on the innovation activity and infrastructural development sub-indices. These findings would allow the South Caucasus countries to draw on the experience of the Baltic states in identifying challenges to the development of their national innovation systems. Overall, the study demonstrated the possibility of classifying the countries of the two post-Soviet regions based on the similarity of national innovation systems.060220268410310.5922/2079-8555-2024-2-5https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/5573/49454/Schmutzler, J., Suarez, M., Tsvetkova, A., Faggian, A. 2017, Introduction. A context-specific two-way approach to the study of innovation systems in developing and transition countries, in: Tsvetkova, A., Schmutzler, J., Suarez, M., Faggian, A. (eds.), Innovation in developing and transition countries, p. 1—12, https://doi.org/10.4337/9781785369667.00008Lundvall, B. 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Furthermore, analysing comparative data from 2004 and 2022 sociological surveys cast light on the principal cause of Latvia’s declining fertility rate. This shift is due to changes in societal values, where the family and children no longer hold a central place, which is particularly true of women in Latvia. Consumerism-driven value changes have ceased to be a sine qua non of achieving their life goals and ambitions. Facilitating an increase in the fertility rate would require considering Latvian society’s values and pursuing socioeconomic policies that comprise both internal measures, such as increasing residents’ financial security, and external initiatives, including neighbourliness promotion. Latvia’s fertility rates will continue to decline for several more years until the trough of the following demographic cycle is reached, which will be lower than that of the previous cycle. 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P. 2018, Youth unemployment in the Latgale region of Latvia: causes and consequences, Baltic Region, vol. 10, № 4, p. 88—102, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2018-4-6Voronov, V. V. 2022, Small towns of Latvia: disparities in regional and urban development, Baltic Region, vol. 14, № 4, p. 39—56, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2022-4-3Расходы на здравоохранение и показатели здоровья в Центральной Европе и Балтийском регионеS.Singhhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1710-7504A.Singhhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4798-3617A.Mohanhttps://orcid.org/0009-0002-3809-5423M.Batolahttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5557-2012N.Kumarhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0124-9337In Central Europe and the Baltic region, healthcare expenditure has been growing slightly faster than across the euro area and in OECD countries. However, health outcomes as re­gards chronic diseases prove to be modest in the euro area and OECD countries compared to Central Europe and the Baltic region. Panel data analysis and country-specific regres­sions were conducted using World Bank data spanning from 2000 to 2019. Evidence sug­gests a significant correlation between private and current health expenditures and reduced ­mortality from chronic diseases in males, females and the total population across the panel, leading to improved longevity. Yet, public health expenditure does not correlate with a sub­stantial reduc­tion in mortality or a higher lifespan among the population, whether consid­ered collectively or among males and females separately. Similarly, an increase in current health expenditure by one unit leads to significant reductions in mortality from non-com­municable diseases: by 29 percent in the total population, 22 percent in females and 36 per­cent in males. Public health spending in Lithuania and Russia has been shown to decrease mortality from non-com­municable diseases. Furthermore, chronic mortality is associated with a significant decline in labour productivity: by 42 percent in the total population, 40 percent in males and 45 percent in females. Therefore, interventions implemented through public health systems may reduce mortality from chronic conditions in the study countries.0602202612614310.5922/2079-8555-2024-2-7https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/5574/49456/Leu, R. E. 1986, The Public-Private Mix and International Health Care Costs, in: Cuyler, A. J., Jönsson, B. (eds.), Public and Private Health Services, Basil Blackwell, p. 41—63.Hitiris, T., Posnett, J. 1992, The determinants and effects of health expenditure in developed countries, Journal of Health Economics, vol. 11, № 2, p. 173—181, https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6296(92)90033-wNixon, J., Ulmann, P. 2006, The relationship between health care expenditure and health outcomes: evidence and caveats for a causal link, European Journal of Health Economics, vol. 7, № 1, p. 7—18, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-005-0336-8Crémieux, P., Ouellette, P., Pilon, C. 1999, Health care spending as determinants of health outcomes, Health Economics, vol. 8, № 7, p. 627—639, https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1050(199911)8:7<627::AID-HEC474>3.0.CO;2-8Ullah, I., Ullah, A., Ali, S. et al. 2021, Public health expenditures and health outcomes in Pakistan: evidence from quantile autoregressive distributed lag model, Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, vol. 14, p. 3893—3909, https://doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S316844Oladosu, O., Chanimbe, T., Anaduaka, U. S. 2022, Effect of public health expenditure on health outcomes in Nigeria and Ghana, Health Policy OPEN, vol. 3, 100072, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpopen.2022.100072Singh, S., Bala, M. M., Kumar, N. 2022, The dynamics of public and private health expenditure on health outcome in Southeast Asia, Health and Social Care in the Community, vol. 30, № 5, p. e2549—e2558, https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.13698Ivankova, V., Gavurova, B., Khouri, S. 2022, Understanding the relationships between health spending, treatable mortality and economic productivity in OECD countries, Frontiers in Public Health, vol. 10, p. 1036058, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.10360589. Arthur, E., Oaikhenan, H. E. 2017, The effects of health expenditure on health outcomes in Sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA), African Development Review, vol. 29, № 3, p. 524— 536, https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12287Akinkugbe, O., Mohanoe, M. 2009, Public health expenditure as a determinant of health status in Lesotho, Social Work in Public Health, vol. 24, № 1-2, p. 131—147, https://doi.org/10.1080/19371910802569716Anyanwu, J. C., Erhijakpor, A. E. 2009, Health expenditures and health outcomes in Africa, African Development Review, vol. 21, № 2, p. 400—433, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8268.2009.00215.xHlafa, B., Sibanda, K., Hompashe, D. M. 2019, The impact of public health expenditure on health outcomes in South Africa, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 16, № 16, p. 2993, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162993Kumar, K., Ram, F., Singh, A. 2013, Public health spending on infant and child mortality in India during the years 1980—2006, The Lancet, vol. 381, p. S76, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61330-6Novignon, S., Olakojo, A., Nonvignon, J. 2012, The effects of public and private health care expenditure on health status in sub-Saharan Africa: new evidence from panel data analysis, Health Economics Review, vol. 2, № 1, https://doi.org/10.1186/2191-1991-2-22Rahman, M. M., Khanam, R., Rahman, M. 2018, Health care expenditure and health outcome nexus: new evidence from the SAARC-ASEAN region, Globalization and health, vol. 14, № 1, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-018-0430-1Cheng, Y., Li, S. 2006, Income inequality and efficiency: A decomposition approach and applications to China, Economics Letters, vol. 91, № 1, p. 8—14, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2005.09.011van den Heuvel, Wim, J. A., Olaroiu, M. 2017, How important are healthcare expenditures for life expectancy? A comparative, European Analysis, Journal of the American Medical Directors, vol. 18, № 3, p. 276.e9—276.e12, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2016.11.027Anwar, A., Hyder, S., Mohamed Nor, N., Younis, M. 2023, Government health expenditures and health outcome nexus: A study on OECD countries, Frontiers in Public Health, vol. 11, 1123759, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1123759Roffia, P., Bucciol, A., Hashlamoun, S. 2023 Determinants of life expecatncy at birth: A longitudinal study on OECD countries, International Journal of Health Economics and Management, vol. 23, p. 189—212, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10754-022-09338-5Linden, M., Ray, D. 2017, Life expecatncy effects of public and private health expenditures in OECD countries 1970-2012: A panel time series approach, International Economic Analysis and Policy, vol. 56, p. 101—113, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2017.06.005Стадии развития этноконтактных зон Эстонии, Латвии и Литвы с конца XIX векаN. K.Tereninahttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5288-9409A. G.Manakovhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3223-2688R. N.Krotokhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5111-0686The analysis of changes in the ethnic structure of the population is one of the most cen­tral topics in the study of the development of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. This work aims to identify stages in the evolution of ethno-contact zones in the Baltic States, using ethnic statistics from the end of the 19th century to the present. This study employs, for the first time, a methodology for identifying stages of ethnic contact zone development. This metho­dology simultaneously considers the direction of change in the ethnic mosaic index used to determine the phases of growth and dissolution of ethnic contact zones and the positive or negative dynamics of the proportion of titular ethnic groups. The ethnic mosaic index helped identify five prominent ethnic contact zones: the capitals of the Baltic countries, Ida-Viru County in Estonia and the Latgale region in Latvia. Over the past century and a half, these ethnic contact zones have exhibited three different types of dynamics. The first is characteristic of Tallinn, Riga and the Latgale region, where phases of ethnic contact zone growth and dissolution alternate as the proportion of titular ethnic groups changes in response to the vicissitudes of history. The second is peculiar to the Estonian county of Ida-Virumaa, which has experienced phases of ethnic contact zone development and an increase in the non-titular population. The third, exemplified by Vilnius, combines phases of ethnic contact zone growth and dissolution with a rise in the proportion of the titular ethnic group. The proposed methodology can be extended to the analysis of ethnic contact zone development in other territories as well.0602202614415610.5922/2079-8555-2024-2-8https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/5574/49457/Kazmina, O. E. 1991, Dynamics of the number of Estonian national groups in the 20th century, Rasy` i narody` [Races and peoples], № 21, p. 79—99 (in Russ.).Kazmina, O. E. 1991, Dynamics of the ethnic structure of the population of Latvia in the XX century, Nacional`ny`e processy` v SSSR [National processes in the USSR], p. 187—216 (in Russ.).Kabuzan, V. M. 2009, Formirovanie mnogonacional`nogo naseleniya Pribaltiki (E`stonii, Latvii, Litvy`, Kaliningradskoj oblasti Rossii) v XIX—XX vv. (1795—2000 gg.) [Formation of the multinational population of the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, the Kaliningrad region of Russia) in the 19th—20th centuries (1795—2000)], M., 152 p. (in Russ.).Ekkel, B. M. 1976, Determination of the mosaic index of the national composition of the republics, territories and regions of the USSR, Sovetskaya etnografiya [Soviet ethnography], № 2, p. 33—39 (in Russ.).Pokshishevsky, V. V. 1969, Ethnic processes in the cities of the USSR and some problems of their study, Sovetskaya etnografiya [Soviet ethnography], № 5, p. 3—15 (in Russ.).Dorofeeva, D. Yu., Savoskul, M. S. 2010, Changing the ethnic mosaic of Russian regions, In: Danilova, I. A., Kharaeva, O. A. (eds.), Jetnicheskaja demografija. Sbornik statej [Ethnic demography. Collection. Ser. Demographic Research], M., MAKS Press, p. 72—93. EDN: VLSNND (in Russ.)Greenberg, J. H. 1956, The Measurement of Linguistic Diversity, Language, vol. 32, № 1, р. 109—115, https://doi.org/10.2307/410659Montalvo, J. G., Reynal-Querol, M. 2005, Ethnic Diversity and Economic Development, Journal of Development Economics, vol. 76, № 2, p. 293—323, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2004.01.002Casey, G., Owen, A. 2014, Inequality and fractionalization, World Development, vol. 56, p. 32—50, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.10.007Fedderke, J., Luiz, J., de Kadt, R. 2008, Using fractionalization indexes: Deriving methodological principles for growth studies from time series evidence, Social Indicators Research, vol. 85, p. 257—278, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-007-9090-xAwaworyi Churchill, S., Okai, D., Posso, A. 2016, Internet Use and Ethnic Heterogeneity in a Cross-Section of Countries, Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy, vol. 35, № 1, p. 59—72, https://doi.org/10.1111/1759-3441.12125Alesina, A., La Ferrara, E. 2005, Ethnic Diversity and Economic Performance, Journal of Economic Literature, vol. 43, № 3, p. 762—800, https://doi.org/10.1257/002205105774431243Campos, N., Saleh, A., Kuzeyev, V. 2011, Dynamic Ethnic Fractionalization and Economic Growth, Journal of International Trade and Economic, vol. 20, № 2, p. 129— 152, https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2011.538218Papyrakis, E., Mo, P. Н. 2014, Fractionalization, polarization, and economic growth: identifying the transmission channels, Economic Inquiry, vol. 52, p. 1204—1218, https://doi.org/10.1111/ecin.12070Bufetova, A. N., Khrzhanovskaya, A. A., Kolomak, E. A. 2020, Cultural heterogeneity and economic development in Russia, Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences, vol. 13, № 4, р. 453—463, https://doi.org/10.17516/1997-1370-0582Vasilyeva, R. I., Rozhina, E. A. 2022, Econometric Modeling of the Impact of Ethnic Diversity on Economic Diversification: Analysis of Russian Regions, Journal of Applied Economic Research, vol. 21, № 4, р. 663—684, https://doi.org/10.15826/vestnik.2022.21.4.023Suslov, N. I., Isupova, E. N., Ivanova, A. I. 2022, Ethnic Diversity in Russian Regions and Economic Growth: Theoretical Model and Its Approbation on Panel Data, Studies on Russian Economic Development, vol. 33, p. 149—156, https://doi.org/10.1134/S1075700722020149Dražanová, L. 2020, Introducing the Historical Index of Ethnic Fractionalization (HIEF) Dataset: Accounting for Longitudinal Changes in Ethnic Diversity, Journal of Open Humanities Data, vol. 6, № 1, https://doi.org/10.5334/johd.16Németh, Á., Šolks, G. 2012, Alteration of the Ethnic Diversity and Ethnic Segregation Index in Latvia During the First and Second Independence Periods, The Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies, vol. 4, № 1, p. 9—33, https://doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v4i1_2Németh, Á. 2013, Ethnic diversity and its spatial change in Latvia, 1897—2011, Post-Soviet Affairs, vol. 29, № 5, p.404—438Manakov, A. G. 2020, Main Trends in the Transformation of the Ethnic Space of the Central Asian Macroregion from 1897 to 2017, Regional Research of Russia, vol. 10, p. 574—582, https://doi.org/10.1134/S2079970520040176Manakov, A. G., Vampilova, L. B. 2023, Assessment of the degree of heterogeneity of the ethnic structure of the population of the Crimea from 1897 to 2014, Pskov Journal of Regional Studies, vol. 19, № 1, p. 113—128, https://doi.org/10.37490/S221979310023933-9 (in Russ.).Manakov, A. G. 2019, Evaluation of сhanges in the ethnic mosaic of regions of European Russia in periods between the 1897, 1959 and 2010 censuses, Izvestiya Rossiiskoi akademii nauk. Seriya geograficheskaya, № 2, p. 117—128, https://doi.org/10.31857/S2587-556620192117-128 (in Russ.).Terenina, N. K. 2022, Ethnic contact index as a tool for studying territories with a mixed national composition of the population, Pskov Journal of Regional Studies, vol. 18, № 1, p. 101—116, https://doi.org/10.37490/S221979310018427-2 (in Russ.).Gorokhov, S. A. 2014, Religious fractionalization as a factor of regional economic development in the modern world, Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 5, Geografiya, № 4, p. 56—61 (in Russ.).Garipov, Yu. Z. 2015, About a technique of quantitative measurement of level of interethnic communication, Review of Economy, the Law and Sociology, 2015, № 3, p. 194—197. EDN: ULQZDT (in Russ.).Lysenko, A. V., Vodopyanova, D. S., Azanov, D. S2011, Ethnic-contact zones of the North Caucasus, Vestnik Stavropolskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 2011, № 3, р. 165—170. EDN: NYEPIP (in Russ.).Lysenko, A. V., Azanov, D. S., Vodopyanova, D. S. 2013, Ethnocontact zones in system of ethnocultural division into districts of the North Caucasus, Science. Innovation. Technologies, № 1, p. 130—137. EDN: RTNOIX (in Russ.).Orlov, А. Yu. 2013, Historical and geographical aspects of the transformation of ethnic structure of the Russian Federation’s population, Regional Studies, № 2 (40), p. 120—124. EDN: RBQHMB (in Russ.).Shitikov, F. V. 2015, Geographic specifics of ethno-confessional situation in the republic of Buryatia, The Bulletin of Irkutsk State University. Series Earth Sciences, vol. 11, p. 141—148. EDN: TJBBWH (in Russ.).Факторы цифровизации местных администраций в Северо-Западном федеральном округе России: взгляд через социальные медиаE. A.Prokopyevhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3350-3726A. E.Kurilohttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7222-7832O. V.Gubinahttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3678-3911E. A.Shlapekohttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3518-4543With digital communication becoming a quotidian practice, social media has emerged as a common channel for personal and business communication, utilised by authorities among other actors. This article proposes an approach for measuring a territory’s digitalisation by quantifying local governments’ presence on social media. The work aims to identify digital underperformers among municipalities of Russia’s Northwestern Federal District, drawing on data from the Vkontakte social network. The empirical part of the research utilised data gathered from 2011 to 2022 on the socioeconomic performance and municipal heads of 1,083 settlements and 199 districts. Significant factors influencing municipalities’ presence on social media were determined using binary logistic regression, with two clustering results compared to identify the underperforming municipalities. It was concluded that population size, municipal revenues and expenditures, fiscal capacity and average salary are directly proportional to municipal social media presence, and the distance to the regional centre and the status of a district centre are inversely proportional to the study parameter. Age, place of residence and the method of nomination for elections affect the likelihood of a municipal head having a social media account. The findings show that a fourth of the study settlements, most of them located in the Pskov, Novgorod and Vologda regions, need to take measures to develop digital technologies and strengthen their social media presence.0602202615718310.5922/2079-8555-2024-2-9https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/5574/49458/Ashmanov, I., Kaspersky, N. 2022, Digital Hygiene, Piter, St. Petersburg, Russia (in Russ.).Zavattaro, S. M., Sementelli, A. J. 2014, A critical examination of social media adoption in government: Introducing omnipresence, Government Information Quarterly, vol. 31, № 2, p. 257—264, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2013.10.007Mikhaylova, A. A., Hvaley, D. V. 2023, Geography of the mobile internet in the border and interior regions of Russia, Baltic Region, vol. 15, № 3, p. 140—166, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2023-3-8Zemtsov, S. P., Demidova, K. V., Kichaev, D. Yu. 2022, Internet diffusion and interregional digital divide in Russia: trends, factors, and the influence of the pandemic, Baltic Region, vol. 14, № 4, p. 57—78. https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2022-4-4Stepanova, V. V., Ukhanova, A. V., Grigorishchin, A. V., Yakhyaev, D. B. 2019, Evaluating digital ecosystems in Russia’s regions, Economic and Social Changes: Facts, Trends, Forecast, vol. 12, № 2, p. 73—90, https://doi.org/10.15838/esc.2019.2.62.4 (in Russ.).Arkhipova, M. Yu., Sirotin, V. P., Sukhareva, N. A. 2018, Development of a composite indicator for measuring the value and dynamics of digital inequality in Russia, Voprosy statistiki, vol. 25, № 4, p. 75—87 (in Russ.).Briglauer, W., Dürr, N. S., Falck, O., Hüschelrath, K. 2019, Does state aid for broa0dband deployment in rural areas close the digital and economic divide? Information Economics and Policy, vol. 46, p. 68—85, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoecopol.2019.01.001Muñoz-Cañavate, A., Hípola, P. 2011, Electronic administration in Spain: From its beginnings to the present, Government Information Quarterly, vol. 28, № 1, p. 74—90, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2010.05.008Mikhaylova, А. А. 2022, Intermunicipal Differences in the Digital Pereptiveness of the Population, Monitoring of Public Opinion: Economic and Social Changes Journal (Public Opinion Monitoring), № 4, p. 222—246, https://doi.org/10.14515/monitoring.2022.4.2006 (in Russ.).Quaglione, D., Matteucci, N., Furia, D., Marra, A., Pozzi, C. 2020, Are mobile and fixed broadband substitutes or complements? New empirical evidence from Italy and implications for the digital divide policies, Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, vol. 71, 100823, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seps.2020.100823Ivashinenko, N. N., Teodorovich, M. L., Varyzgina, A. A. 2020, Digital inequality: internet technologies in activation of consumer behavior, Logos et Praxis, vol. 19, № 3, p. 27—36, https://doi.org/10.15688/lp.jvolsu.2020.3.3 (in Russ.).Sekushina, I. A. 2022, Digitalization of Small and Medium-Sized Cities in the European North of Russia: Trends and Prospects, Economic and Social Changes: Facts, Trends, Forecast, vol. 15, № 6, p. 124—138, https://doi.org/10.15838/esc.2022.6.84.7Prokopiev, E. A., Kurilo, A. E., Gubina, O. V. 2019, The Formation of Digital Space at the Municipal Level: Overview of Settlements’ Websites, Economic and Social Changes: Facts, Trends, Forecast, vol. 12, № 5, p. 76—90, https://doi.org/10.15838/esc.2019.5.65.5Mergel, I. 2012, The social media innovation challenge in the public sector, Information Polity, vol. 17, № 3, 4, p. 281—292, https://doi.org/10.3233/IP-2012-000281Cho, S., Mossberger, K., Swindell, D., Selby, J. D. 2021, Experimenting with Public Engagement Platforms in Local Government, Urban Affairs Review, vol. 57, № 3, p. 763—793, https://doi.org/10.1177/1078087419897821Gellerstedt, M., Norström, L., Bernhard, I., Gråsjö, U., Snis, U. L. 2020, Do Municipal Facebook31 Performance and Citizen Satisfaction go Hand in Hand? Electronic Journal of e-Government, vol. 18, № 1, https://doi.org/10.34190/EJEG.18.1.003Bonsón, E., Royo, S., Ratkai, M. 2017, Facebook Practices in Western European Municipalities: An Empirical Analysis of Activity and Citizens’ Engagement, Administration & Society, vol. 49, № 3, p. 320—347, https://doi.org/10.1177/0095399714544945Criado, J. I., Rojas-Martín, F., Gil-Garcia, J. R. 2017, Enacting social media success in local public administrations: An empirical analysis of organizational, institutional, and contextual factors, International Journal of Public Sector Management, vol. 30, № 1, p. 31—47, http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/IJPSM-03-2016-0053Gao, X., Lee, J. 2017, E-government services and social media adoption: Experience of small local governments in Nebraska state, Government Information Quarterly, vol. 34, № 4, p. 627—634, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2017.09.005Guillamón, M.-D., Ríos, A.-M., Gesuele, B., Metallo, C. 2016, Factors influencing social media use in local governments: The case of Italy and Spain, Government Information Quarterly, vol. 33, № 3, p. 460—471, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2016.06.005Lev-On, A., Steinfeld, N. 2015, Local engagement online: Municipal Facebook pages as hubs of interaction, Government Information Quarterly, vol. 32, № 3, p. 299— 307, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2015.05.007Reddick, C. G., Jaramillo, P. A. 2014, New digital media use and preferences for government: a survey of Canadians, Electronic Government, an International Journal, vol. 11, № 1/2, p. 39—58, https://doi.org/10.1504/EG.2014.063313Larsson, A. O. 2013, Bringing it all back home? Social media practices by Swedish municipalities, European Journal of Communication, vol. 28, № 6, p. 681—695, https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323113502277Boev, E. I., Zotov, V. V., Vasilenko, L. A. 2023, Digitalization of public administration: expert reflection on problems and challenges, Digital Sociology, vol. 6, № 1, p. 4—12, https://doi.org/10.26425/2658-347X-2023-6-1-4-12 (in Russ.).Vasilenko, L. A., Zotov, V. V., Zakharova, S. A. 2020, Social media potential for developing participatory governance, RUDN Journal of Sociology, vol. 20, № 4, p. 864— 876, https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-2272-2020-20-4-864-876 (in Russ.).Zimova, N. S., Fomin, Y. V., Smagina, A. A. 2020, Social networks as a new channel of interaction between government and society, Research Result. Sociology and Management, vol. 6, № 2, p. 159—171, https://doi.org/10.18413/2408-9338-2020-6-2-0-11 (in Russ.).Sytykh, E. L., Kravtsova, A. V. 2020, Social networks as a political resource (for example, the Instagram32 account of the governor of the Chelyabinsk region A. L. Teksler), Scientific Annual Publication of the Analysis and Forecast Centre, № 1, p. 195— 200. EDN: YELSUI (in Russ.).Kondratyeva, O. N., Chernova, Zh. V. 2019, Self-Presentation of the Politician in Social Networks (On a Material of Official Page in the Social Network “VKontakte” of the Governor of the Kemerovo Area of Sergey Tsivilev), Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology, vol. 18, № 6, p. 129—138, https://doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2019-18-6-129-138 (in Russ.).Mityeva, Yu. A., Chernyshev, Yu. G. 2013, The Use of Social Networks and Blogs in Shaping the Image of the Governors of South-Western Siberia, Izvestiya of Altai State University, № 4-1, p. 281—286. EDN: RAGJGB (in Russ.).Filatova, O. G. 2020, Heads of Russian Regions in Social Media: Audit of Public Communications, PR i reklama v izmenyayushchemsya mire: regional’nyi aspekt, № 23, p. 6—16. EDN: FTADBA (in Russ.).Prokopyev, E. A. 2023, The Average Wage in the North-West Federal District: An Assessment of Territorial Disparities on a Settlement Level, Russian Journal of Regional Studies, vol. 31, № 2, p. 335—356, https://doi.org/10.15507/2413-1407.123.031.202302.335-356 (in Russ.).Zamyatina, N. Yu., Yashunsky, A. D. 2018, Virtual geography of virtual population, Monitoring of Public Opinion: Economic and Social Changes Journal (Public Opinion Monitoring), № 1, p. 117—137, https://doi.org/10.14515/monitoring.2018.1.07 (in Russ.).