NONE20260606214227228Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal Universityno-reply@balticregion.kantiana.ruImmanuel Kant Baltic Federal UniversityBaltic Region2079-85552310-052406062026161Конфискация по-эстонски. Правовые и политические аспекты возможного изъятия российских активов в странах ЕСV. V.Voynikovhttps://orcid.org//0000-0003-1495-3227The possible confiscation of Russian assets by Western countries is one of the serious challenges to modern international law and the system of international relations. Since the greater part of the frozen assets is under the jurisdiction of EU countries, special attention should be paid to studying mechanisms for the use of Russian assets within the EU. The purpose of this article is to identify the key characteristics of the EU’s approaches to the use of frozen Russian assets, determine their compliance with international law and investigate possible consequences for the modern system of international relations. To achieve this goal, the author analysed the legal aspect of this problem, examined the compliance of the initiatives to confiscate Russian property with the norms of modern international law and pinpointed the potential consequences of such actions. It is concluded that possible options for seizing sovereign assets contradict the norms of international and national law. Therefore, all these methods are unfeasible within the current legal framework. Yet, the main obstacle to implementing the plans to seize Russian sovereign assets lies not within the legal realm, but in the political sphere since such actions could result in unforeseeable ramifications. The mechanism proposed by the European Commission for seizing private property within the framework of criminal proceedings implies the use of criminal law to solve political problems, which is at variance with the objectives of criminal policy.0606202642210.5922/2079-8555-2024-1-1https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/5526/47114/Timofeev, I. 2023, Sanctions and the Confiscation of Russian Property. 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S636—S642, https://doi.org/10.1134/S1019331622130111Timofeev, I. N. 2022, Questionable effectiveness? Sanctions against Russia before and after February, Russia in Global Affairs, vol. 20, № 4, p. 136—152, https://doi.org/10.31278/1810-6439-2022-20-4-136-152 (in Russ.).Giumelli, F., Hoffmann, F., Książczaková, A. 2021, The when, what, where, and why of European Union sanctions, European Security, vol. 30, № 1, p. 1—23, https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2020.1797685Klimek, L. 2017, Mutual Recognition of Judicial Decisions in European Criminal Law. Cham, Springer, 742 p., https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44377-5Peršak, N. 2022, Criminalising Hate Crime and Hate Speech at EU Level: Extending the List of Eurocrimes Under Article 83 (1) TFEU, Crim Law Forum, vol. 33, p. 85—119, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10609-022-09440-wSakellaraki, A. 2022, EU Asset Recovery and Confiscation Regime — Quo Vadis? 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Netherlands International Law Review, vol. 70, p. 1—17, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40802-023-00231-7Санкционные риски и региональное развитие (на примере России)S. P.Zemtsovhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1283-0362Economic sanctions and countersanctions are expanding worldwide, posing spatially heterogeneous threats to most countries. The study aims to develop and test a methodology for assessing regional exposure to sanctions risks using Russian data. The share of foreign trade with the countries that introduced restrictions can be used to evaluate the exposure to new trade barriers. In several cases, this share exceeded 50 %, necessitating a rapid reorientation of product flows in Nenets, Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Areas, Komi, and Murmansk region. The Kaliningrad, Kaluga, and Leningrad regions exhibit high import dependence in the production sector, particularly in the automotive industry, due to their active involvement in global supply chains. Sanctions against large legal entities created risks for the stability of regional economies but the increase in demand for domestic products offset this impact. Foreign enterprises exiting the market posed risks of disrupting production chains but also provided opportunities for local business development. Before some countries introduced sanctions, their companies had held more than 20 % of the market share in Kaluga, Moscow region, and the city of Moscow. However, the share of foreign firms that announced complete withdrawal exceeded 5 % of the market only in the Komi, Samara, Leningrad, and Moscow regions. An integral index of exposure was proposed based on the mentioned indicators. Its value is lower for the regions with a more diversified economy and foreign trade. The greatest risks were observed in the closely connected to the European Union northwestern territories of Russia: Karelia, Komi, Kaliningrad, Leningrad, and Arkhangelsk regions. 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A. 2020, Economic and fiscal resilience of Russia’s regions, Regional Science Policy and Practice, vol. 12, № 4, p. 627—640, https://doi.org/10.1111/rsp3.12282Новая роль кооперации в условиях экономических санкций: оценки жителей Калининградской областиE. V.FrolovaO. V.RogachThe current economic crisis conditions call for a search for new mechanisms to maintain the population’s well-being. Within this setting, cooperation may be considered a priority form of entrepreneurial activity, enabling the consolidation of financial resources and reducing business costs. This article aims to assess the potential of consumer cooperation in the Kaliningrad region under anti-Russian sanctions. The authors analyse the features of cooperation development within the territory and investigate the demands and expectations of the local populace. The principal method employed in the study is a survey of residents of the Kaliningrad region (N = 481), with its results strongly indicating that conditions for a renaissance of cooperative economic models have emerged in the Russian exclave. The region’s residents tend to express positive attitudes towards cooperation, drawing a link between economically challenging conditions and opportunities for cooperative development. Moreover, amongst respondents with personal or vicarious experience of cooperation, a substantially higher proportion assess cooperative practices positively. Yet, the deficit of interpersonal trust places a serious limitation on the development of cooperation. It is concluded that the economic crisis has shifted the focus of the region’s population’s expectations from social interests (collaborations with like-minded individuals) to undertakings aimed at increasing material well-being. Therefore, expectations of participating in cooperative activities are primarily associated with the opportunity to start one’s own business and increase personal income.06062026466010.5922/2079-8555-2024-1-3https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/5526/47116/Artemova, E. I., Plotnikova, E. V. 2018, Development of agricultural cooperation in the Krasnodar region, Bulletin of the Academy of Knowledge, № 4 (27), p. 41—47. EDN: YLHFYT (in Russ.).Makarov, A. V., Trapeznikov, V. A. 2011, Forming the development program of industrial cooperation in the region, Economy of region, № 3, p. 175—183, https://doi.org/10.17059/2011-3-19 (in Russ.).Shcheglov, D. K., Timofeev, V. I., Andreev, I. A., Chirikov, S. A. 2019, Assessing of the enterprise cooperation level in integrated organizational and production structures under conditions of diversification of manufacturing, Innovations, vol. 8, № 250, p. 67—70. EDN: IHQUQO (in Russ.).Ribeiro-Navarrete, B., Saura, J. 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N. 2021, Agricultural cooperation: significance for farmers and rural development, Vestnik Kurganskoj GSHA, vol. 2, № 38, p. 22—33, https://doi.org/10.52463/22274227_2021_38_16 (in Russ.).Voloshenko, K., Morachevskaya, K., Novikova, A., Lyzhina, E., Kalinovskiy, L. 2022, Transformation of food self-sufficiency of Kaliningrad Oblast in the face of external challenges, Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Earth Sciences, vol. 67, № 3, p. 409—430, https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu07.2022.302 (in Russ.).Esenshulova, L. S. 2021, Rating of investment attractiveness of the Kaliningrad region, Economy and Business: theory and practice, vol. 11, № 1, p. 74—77, https://doi.org/10.24412/2411-0450-2021-11-1-74-77 (in Russ.).Gumenyuk, I. S. 2022, On the dynamics of economic activity and its impact on the budgetary stability of municipalities of the Kaliningrad region, Vestnik of Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University. Series: Natural and Medical Sciences, № 1, p. 44—56. EDN: GEJDDR (in Russ.).Duplenko, N. G., Drok, T. Е. 2016, The impact of economic sanctions on business activity in the border region on the example of Kaliningrad region, Azimuth of Scientific Research: Economics and Administration, vol. 5, № 4 (17), p. 148—151. EDN: XXCZTR (in Russ.).Esenshulova, L. S., Drokovski, N. B. 2022, Dynamics of small business development in the Kaliningrad region, Economy and business: theory and practice, № 9, p. 65— 68, https://doi.org/10.24412/2411-0450-2022-9-65-68 (in Russ.).Fedorov, G. M. 2022, The economy of Russian Baltic regions: development level and dynamics, structure and international trade partners, Baltic region, vol. 14, № 4, p. 20—38, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2022-4-2Morachevskaya, K. A., Lialina, A. V. 2023, The impact of the food embargo on consumer preferences and cross-border practices in the Kaliningrad region, Baltic region, vol. 15, № 2, p. 62—81, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2023-2-4Prodantsov, K. S. 2023, Socio-political moods of the residents of the Kaliningrad region as an indicator of the geopolitical security of the region, Vestnik of Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University. Series: Humanities and social science, № 1, p. 90—106, https://doi.org/10.5922/sikbfu-2023-1-8 (in Russ.).Fedorov, G. M., Zverev, Yu. M. 2020, Kaliningradskie al’ternativy: 25 let spustya [Kaliningrad alternatives: 25 years later], Kaliningrad, Publishing House of the I. Kant BFU, 315 p. EDN: JRSSAE (in Russ.).Aritenang, A. 2021, The Role of Social Capital on Rural Enterprises Economic Performance: A Case Study in Indonesia Villages, SAGE Open, vol. 11, № 3, https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211044178Shumeta, Z., D’Haese, M. 2018, Do Coffee Farmers Benefit in Food Security from Participating in Coffee Cooperatives? Evidence from Southwest Ethiopia Coffee Cooperatives, Food and Nutrition Bulletin, vol. 39, № 2, p. 266—280, https://doi.org/10.1177/0379572118765341Fischer, E., Qaim, M. 2012, Linking smallholders to market; determinants and impacts of farmers’ collective action in Kenya, World Development, vol. 40, № 6, p. 1255— 1268, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.11.018Gataulina, E. A., Antonova, M. P., Potapova, A. A. 2020, Changing approaches to supporting consumer cooperation: from organizational form to the process of cooperation, Izvestiya of Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, № 5, p. 95—110, https://doi.org/10.26897/0021-342X-2020-5-95-110 (in Russ.).Proskurina, A. S. 2022, Dynamic Confidence Resource in Economic Relations — Russian Crowdfunding in the Social Sphere, Theory and Practice of Social Development, № 8, p. 42—48, https://doi.org/10.24158/tipor.2022.8.5 (in Russ.).Karavay, A. V. 2021, The Behavior of Russians Aimed at Improving Their Financial Situation in the Era of COVID-19, Monitoring of Public Opinion: Economic and Social Changes, № 2, p. 121—137, https://doi.org/10.14515/monitoring.2021.2.1837 (in Russ.).Polyakova, А. G. 2021, Change of the population financial behavior under the coronavirus pandemic and economic crisis, Karelian Scientific Journal, vol. 10, № 2, p. 25—29, https://doi.org/10.26140/knz4-2021-1002-0007 (in Russ.).Rogach, O., Frolova, E. 2023, Social Well-Being of Russians in the Spring of 2022, Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya, № 5, p. 160—166, https://doi.org/10.31857/S013216250024327-2 (in Russ.).Bozhkov, O. B., Nikulin, A. M., Poleshchuk, I. K. 2020, Agricultural cooperation in the Northern Non-Black-Earth Region: formal and informal practices, RUDN Journal of Sociology, vol. 20, № 4, p. 889—904, https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-2272-2020-20-4-889-904 (in Russ.).Lishuang, G. 2023, Rethinking and Reviving: The Modern Fate of Traditional Russian Values, Voprosy Filosofii, № 3, p. 58—69, https://doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2023-3-58-69 (in Russ.).Bretos, I., Errasti, A., Marcuello, C. 2019, Multinational Expansion of Worker Cooperatives and Their Employment Practices: Markets, Institutions, and Politics in Mondragon, ILR Review, vol. 72, № 3, p. 580—605, https://doi.org/10.1177/0019793918779575Lachininskii, S. S. 2022, Geoeconomic risks faced by the Russian Baltic region amid a deteriorating geopolitical situation, Baltic region, vol. 14, № 2, p. 23—37, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2022-2-2Restakis, J. 2010, Humanizing the Economy: Co-operatives in the Age of Capital, Gabriola: New Society Publishers, p. 288.Особенности сотрудничества Германии и Литвы в конце 2010- х — начале 2020-х годов: военные и политические аспектыPh. O.Trunovhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7092-4864Since the mid-2010s, Germany has significantly adjusted its approaches to the use of the Bundeswehr, pivoting its strategic focus from regions distant from the Euro-Atlantic community to those within or near it. This has underscored the pressing need to address issues related to securing steadfast allies in Eastern Europe and enhancing cooperation with them. This article aims to explore the current evolution of German-Lithuanian re­lations in both political and military domains. The approach of Germany to the factor of historical memory is demonstrated, along with its aspiration to position itself as the defender of Lithuanian national sovereignty. Yet, there was a notable lack of strategic focus from Germany towards Lithuania in the early 21st century, contributing to a decline in bilateral relations in 2014 and 2015. Amid the confrontation between the ‘Western democracies’ and Russia, Germany adopted a strategy of gradually but steadily increasing pressure on the opponent. The perception of this approach by Lithuanian elites has shifted from negative in the mid-2010s to increasingly positive as Germany has become more involved in deterrence of Russia. This article explores the process of the Bundeswehr troops’ deployment and buildup up to having constituted the ‘core’ of a multinational brigade in Lithuania under NATO’s mandate. The study focuses on the im­pact of military cooperation on political collaborations, as illustrated by the case of the B3 + 1 format, which has brought together high-ranking public officials from the three Baltic states and Germany since 2018. It is concluded that Germany has developed a dependence on Lithuania, driven by the increased desire of the former state to maintain the latter as a reliable junior partner.06062026618010.5922/2079-8555-2024-1-4https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/5526/47117/Major, С., Swistek, G. 2022, Die NATO nach dem Gipfel von Madrid, SWP-Aktuell, № 49, 8 p.Arzamanova, T. V. 2022, Some aspects of German strategic planning in Indo-Pacific region facing the return of great power rivalry, Current problems of Europe, № 4, p. 258—284, https://doi.org/10.31249/ape/2022.04.11Belinsky, A. V., Nikulichev, Y. V. 2019, «American rollercoaster»: The evolution of US–Germany relations from 1989 to 2019, Current problems of Europe, № 3, p. 135— 157, https://doi.org/10.31249/ape/2019.04.08Ondazra von, N. 2020, Die Brexit-Revolution, SWP-Aktuell, № 14, 8 p.Tchernega, V. N. 2019, France and Germany: The dialectics of cooperation and competition, Current problems of Europe, № 4, p. 158—171, https://doi.org/10.31249/ape/2019.04.09Maslova, E. A., Shebalina, E. O. 2023, Italy in the Rome — Paris — Berlin triangle, Contemporary Europe, № 2, p. 109—139, https://doi.org/10.31249/ape/2023.02.06Lang, K.-O. 2022, Warschaus konfrontative Deutschlandpolitik, SWP-Aktuell, № 68, 8 р.Trunov, Ph. O. 2023, The electoral factor in inter-state relations: Germany-Poland political dialogue (2013—2022), Current problems of Europe, № 2, p. 109—139, https://doi.org/10.31249/ape/2023.02.06Česnakas, G., Juozaitis, J. 2022, European Strategic Autonomy and Small States’ Security, Oxford, Routledge, 242 p., https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003324867Klein, A. M., Herrmann, G. 2010, Die Beziehungen Deutschlands zu den Baltischen Ländern seit der Wiedervereinigung, KAS Auslandinformationen, № 9, p. 65—80.Vorozheina, Ya. A., Maksimov, I. P., Tarasov, I. N. 2015, Euro-Atlantic integration of the Baltic countries in the political discourse of Germany, Vlast’ (The Authority), № 10, p. 208—212.Salikov, A., Tarasov, I., Urazbaev, E. 2016, The Baltic policy of Germany and current international relations, Baltic region, vol. 8, № 1, p. 60—66, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2016-1-5Kretinin, G. V., Katrovskiy, A. P., Pototskaya, T. I., Fedorov, G. M. 2016, Geopolitical and geo-economic changes in the Baltic sea region at the turn of the XX—XXI centuries, Baltic region, vol. 8, № 4, р. 13—25, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2016-4-2Lang, K.-O. 2023, Deutschland und Litauen: von der Verteidigungskooperation zur Sicherheitspartnerschaft, SWP-Aktuell, № 39, 8 р.Trunov, Ph. O. 2019, The main directions of political and military cooperation of Germany with Baltic states today, Current problems of Europe, № 3, p. 117—140, https://doi.org/10.31249/ape/2019.03.06Khorolskaya, M. V. 2022, German participation in the Three seas initiative: opportunities for Russia, Baltic region, vol. 14, № 2, p. 83—97, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2022-2-6Khudoley, K. 2016, The Baltic Sea region and increasing international tension, Baltic region, vol. 8, № 1, p. 4—16, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2016-1-1Kiknadze, V. G., Mironyuk, D. A., Kretinin, G. V. 2019, The military and political situation in the Baltic region in the late 20th/early 21st centuries: the prospects of ‘uneasy peace’, Baltic region, vol. 11, № 1, p. 60—75, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2019-1-5Lang, K.-O. 2020, Polens und Litauens zweigleisige Politik gegenüber Belarus im Zeichen der Krise, SWP-Aktuell, № 73, 8 р.Grigonis, E. P. 2013, Lithuania and Germany: «separated neighbors», World of Economics and Law, № 7-8, p. 48—66. EDN: RBWVSFTrunov, Ph. O. 2016, Curtailment of Russia’s military presence on the territory of the «new Germany» (1991—1994): progress and consequences, Klio, № 1, p. 145—154. EDN: VUCCHHGlatz, R., Hansen, W., Kaim, M., Vorrath, J. 2018, Die Auslandseinsätze der Bundeswehr in Wandel, Berlin, German Institute for International and Security Affairs, Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, 52 p.Lang, K.-O. 2018, Deutschland und Polen: Kooperation trotz Differenzen, SWP-Aktuell, № 12, 8 р.Dyrina, A. F. 2023, Poland elects «Law and Justice»: the party’s success in the 2015 and 2020 elections, Current problems of Europe, № 2, p. 91—108, https://doi.org/10.31249/ape/2023.02.05Balcer, A., Blusz, K., Schmieg, E. 2017, Germany, Poland and the future of transatlantic community, Warsaw, Wise Europe, 34 p.Musaev, V. I. 2022, ‘Polish question’ in Lithuania and problems of Polish-Lithuanian relations at the turn of the century, Baltic region, vol. 14, № 3, p. 49—63, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2022-3-3Zverev, Yu. M., Mezhevich, N. M. 2022, The republic of Belarus and the Kaliningrad region of Russia as a sub-regional security complex, Baltic region, vol. 14, № 3, p. 64—82, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2022-3-4Szabo, S. F. 2015, Germany, Russia and the rise of geo-economics, L., Bloomsbury, 187 p., https://doi.org/10.5040/9781472596352Glatz, R., Zapfe, M. 2017, Ambitionierte Rahmennation: Deutschland in der NATO, SWP-Aktuell, № 62, 8 S.Mills, C. 2023, Military assistance to Ukraine since the Russian invasion, L., House of Commons Library, 69 p.Модели противодействия сегрегации этноконфессиональных иммигрантских районов в Дании и ШвецииE. Yu.Talalaevahttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6007-5202T. S.Proninahttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8902-9154The article explores the immigration and integration strategies of Denmark and Sweden while assessing their efficacy. The two countries, sharing historical, cultural, social and economic similarities, face a common challenge: the formation of ethnoreligious enclaves primarily inhabited by individuals with a Muslim background. Due to the recent European migrant crises, there has been a notable increase in the number of migrants, leading to stricter integration policies in the Scandinavian countries. Yet, governmental approaches to address the segregation of immigrant areas vary between Denmark and Sweden. Denmark has adopted a stringent immigration policy promoting cultural assimilation of immigrants from non-Western countries, whilst Sweden follows a liberal approach advocating cultural and ethnic diversity within society. The evolution of immigration and integration initiatives in Denmark and Sweden has been reconstructed through the analysis of official documents and critical examination of political discourses. It is noted that Swedish authorities are increasingly incorporating Denmark’s more radical approaches to address migration issues within their political programmes. Despite the results of Denmark’s anti-immigration policies and the reduction in the number of segregated immigrant areas, a myriad of issues persist due to EU immigration policies. The problem of forging a new civic identity rooted in the linguistic, religious and cultural homogeneity of Danish society amidst its multiculturalism remains relevant. Thus, Sweden is formulating its own anti-segregation programme, taking into account both the successes and shortcomings of Danish immigration and integration policies. Another important conclusion is that these nations have started to pay special attention to ethnic and religious criteria when identifying ‘parallel societies’.06062026819910.5922/2079-8555-2024-1-5https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/5527/47118/Hagelund, A. 2020, After the refugee crisis: public discourse and policy change in Denmark, Norway and Sweden, Comparative Migration Studies, vol. 8, № 13, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-019-0169-8Borevi, K. 2017, Diversity and Solidarity in Denmark and Sweden, In: Banting, K., Kymlicka, W. (eds.), The Strains of Commitment: The Political Sources of Solidarity in Diverse Societies, Oxford University Press, p. 364—388, https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198795452.003.0013Kapitsyn, V. M., Magomedov, A. K., Shaparov, A. E. 2022, Immigration policy and integration of migrants in the Kingdom of Denmark at the beginning of the XXI century, Baltic region, vol. 14, № 2, p. 98—114, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2022-2-7Shapiro, D., Jørgensen, R. E. 2021, ‘Are we going to stay refugees?’ Hyperprecarious Processes in and Beyond the Danish Integration Programme, Nordic Journal of Migration Research, vol. 11, № 2, p. 172—187, https://doi.org/10.33134/njmr.151Isaksen, J. V. 2020, The Framing of Immigration and Integration in Sweden and Norway: A Comparative Study of Official Government Reports, Nordic Journal of Migration Research, vol. 10, № 1, p. 106—124, https://doi.org/10.2478/njmr-2019-0033Grishin, I. V. 2019, Integration of immigrants in Sweden (socio-political aspect), South-Russian Journal of Social Sciences, vol. 20, № 1, p. 40—56, https://doi.org/10.31429/26190567-20-1-40-56 (in Russ.).Anderson, J., Antalíková, R. 2014, Framing (implicitly) matters: The role of religion in attitudes toward immigrants and Muslims in Denmark, Scandinavian Journal of Phycology, vol. 55, № 6, p. 593—600, https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12161Gadzhimuradova, G. I. 2019, Migration policy of the Nordic countries in respect of immigrants from Muslim countries (for example, Sweden and Finland), Islamovedenie, vol. 10, № 2, p. 5—21, https://doi.org/10.21779/2077-8155-2019-10-2-5-21 (in Russ.).Schmidt, G. 2022, What Is in a Word? An Exploration of Concept of ‘the Ghetto’ in Danish Media and Politics 1850—2018, Nordic Journal of Migration Research, vol. 12, № 3, p. 310—325, https://doi.org/10.33134/njmr.365Talalaeva, E. Yu., Pronina, T. S. 2020, Ethno-confessional immigrant ghettos as a national security problem in Denmark’s social and political discourse, Baltic region, vol. 12, № 3, p. 55—71, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2020-3-4Freiesleben, A. M. 2016, Et Danmark af parallelsamfund: Segregering, ghettoisering og social sammenhængskraft: Parallelsamfundet i dansk diskurs 1968—2013 — fra utopi til dystopi. København: Københavns Universitet, Det Humanistiske Fakultet, URL: https://static-curis.ku.dk/portal/files/160573902/Ph.d._2016_ Freiesleben.pdf (accessed 20.06.2023).Hübinette, T., Abdullahi, M. (eds.). 2018, Swedish Muslims in Cooperation Network Alternative Report, Stockholm.Talalaeva, E. Yu., Pronina, T. S. 2021, Swedish Islamism as a social and political aspect in the formation of an ethno-confessional parallel society, Baltic region, vol. 13, № 4, p. 111—128, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2021-4-7Bursell, M. 2021, Perceptions of discrimination against Muslims. A study of formal complaints against public institutions in Sweden, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, vol. 47, № 5, p. 1162—1179, https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183x.2018.1561250Kærgård, N. 2010, Social cohesion and the transformation from ethnic to multicultural society: The Case of Denmark, Ethnicities, vol. 10, № 4, p. 470—487, https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796810378323Jensen, T. G. 2018, To Be ‘Danish’, Becoming ‘Muslim’: Contestations of Nation-al Identity?, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, vol. 34, № 3, p. 389—409, https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830701880210Willander, E. 2019, The Religious Landscape of Sweden — Affinity, Affiliation and Diversity in the 21st Century, Stockholm.Hedman, L., Andersson, R. 2015, Etnisk segregation och inkomstsegregation i Sveriges tio största arbetsmarknadsregioner 1990—2010, In: Andersson, R., Bengtsson, B., Myrberg, G. (eds.), Mångfaldens dilemman: Boendesegregation och områdespolitik, Malmö: Gleerups Utbildning AB, p. 15—38.Agafoshin, M. M., Gorokhov, S. A. 2020, Impact of external migration on changes in the Swedish religious landscape, Baltic region, vol. 12, № 2, p. 84—99, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2020-2-6Borell, K., Gerdner, A. 2013, Cooperation or Isolation? Muslim Congregations in a Scandinavian Welfare State: A Nationally Representative Survey from Sweden, Review of Religious Research: The Official Journal of the Religious Research Association, vol. 55, № 4, p. 557—571, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13644-013-0108-3Hernes, V. 2018, Cross-national convergence in times of crisis? Integration policies before, during and after the refugee crisis, West European Politics, vol. 41, № 6, p. 1305—1329, https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2018.1429748Bech, E. C., Borevi, K., Mouritsen, P. 2017, ‘A “Civic Turn” in Scandinavian Family Migration Policies? Comparing Denmark, Norway and Sweden, Comparative Migration Studies, vol. 5, № 7, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-016-0046-7Naper, A. A. 2022, Compassionate Border Securitisation? Border Control in the Scandinavian News Media during the ‘Refugee Crisis’, Nordic Journal of Migration Research, vol. 12, № 1, p. 4—20, https://doi.org/10.33134/njmr.494Dora, Z. K., Erdoğan, Z. 2021, The Defeat of Multiculturalism over Nationalism and Religion: Transformation of Immigration Policies in Denmark and Sweden, Hitit İlahiyat Dergisi, vol. 20, № 2, p. 517—546, https://doi.org/10.14395/hid.980405Myrberg, G. 2017, Local challenges and national concerns: municipal level responses to national refugee settlement policies in Denmark and Sweden, International Review of Administrative Sciences, vol. 83, № 2, p. 322—339, https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852315586309Staver, A. B., Brekke, J.-P., Søholt, S. 2019, Scandinavia’s segregated cities — policies, strategies and ideals, Oslo Metropolitan University.Jensen, T. G., Söderberg, R. 2021, Governing urban diversity through myths of national sameness — a comparative analysis of Denmark and Sweden, Journal of Organizational Ethnography, vol. 11, № 1, p. 5—19, https://doi.org/10.1108/JOE-06-2021-0034Plevako, N. S. 2019, Parliamentary elections in Denmark, Scientific and Analytical Herald of the Institute of Europe RAS, vol. 9, № 3, p. 42—48, https://doi.org/10.15211/vestnikieran320194247 (in Russ.).Rasmussens, A. F. 2004, Statsminister Anders Fogh Rasmussens Nytårstale 1. januar 2004, Statsministeriet, URL: https://www.regeringen.dk/aktuelt/statsministerens-nytaarstale/anders-fogh-rasmussens-nytaarstale-1... (accessed 20.06.2023).Gustafsson, L., Ranstorp, M. 2017, Swedish Foreign Fighters in Syria and Iraq: An Analysis of Open-Source Intelligence and Statistical Data, Stockholm, Bromma.Fredriksson, T., Torstensson, M. 2019, Islamistisk radikalisering. En studie av sär-skilt utsatta områden, Stockholm.Евангелическо-лютеранская церковь Дании: социально-экономический и территориально-организационный аспектыO. A.Balabeikinahttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9520-8880V. Yu.Korobushchenkohttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3843-8465V. M.Razumovskyhttps://orcid.org/0009-0006-9122-6313The study exemplifies the use of an institutional-territorial approach for a comprehensive description of a national denominational landscape. The article aims to provide such an account by analysing relevant official data and performing statistical processing using computational tools. The focus is on the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Denmark and its administrative-territorial structures. The study places emphasis on the financial aspect, one seldom discussed in academic discourse. The denominational landscape of Denmark is a multicomponent system, with the National Lutheran Church holding a distinctive legal status as a dominant entity. Its historical and social significance, along with the ability to preserve functions that mirror those of the state, allow the Church of Denmark to maintain its civilisational and culture-building role for the populace, especially the indigenous one. However, Denmark is not exempt from the secular trends prevalent in the Nordic countries. One notable tendency is the decline in adherents of the Evangelical Lutheran Church observed over recent decades. This decline is most evident in the capital region, where the proportion of migrants in the population is higher and daily life is more vibrant than in other areas. Territorial variations in religiously motivated behaviour are evident, with the highest percentages observed in the country’s peripheral regions (despite the overall figures showing a negative trend). These areas also boast the most significant proportion of registered members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church. Exploring non-Christian religions in Denmark presents a promising avenue for future research.0606202610011610.5922/2079-8555-2024-1-6https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/5527/47119/Ribberink, E., Achtenberg, Houtman, D. 2017, A post-secular turn in attitudes towards religion? Anti-religiosity and anti-Muslim sentiment in Western Europe, Rassegna Italiana di Sociologica, vol. 58, № 4, p. 803—830, https://doi.org/10.1423/88795Queen, E. 2017, History, Hysteria, and Hype: Government Contracting with Faith-Based Social Service Agencies, Religions, vol. 8, № 2, p. 22, https://doi.org/10.3390/rel8020022Balabeykina, О. А., Dmitriev, A. L., Yankovskaya, A. A. 2021, Transformation of the Structural Elements of the Modern Confessional Space of Europe, The World of Transformations, № 4, p. 177—189, https://doi.org/10.51905/2073-3038_2021_4_177 (in Russ.).Gorokhov, S. А., Dmitriev, R. V., Zakharov, I. А. 2023, Christianity, Islam and traditional religions: Cyclical interaction in Africa, Tomsk State University Journal, № 486, p. 124—136, https://doi.org/10.17223/15617793/486/13 (in Russ.).Gorokhov, S. А., Dmitriev, R. V., Agafosnin, М. М. 2022, Religion and the state: Types of relations in the religious market, Politeia, № 3 (106), p. 65—79, https://doi.org/10.30570/2078-5089-2022-106-3-65-79 (in Russ.).Manakov, A. G. 2019, Transformation of the territorial structure of the confessional space of Russia in the XX — the beginning of the XXI century, Geographical bulletin, № 2 (49), p. 13—24, https://doi.org/10.17072/2079-7877-2019-2-13-24 (in Russ.).Manakov, A. G., Suvorkov, P. E. 2018, Shifts in the confessional space of Russia in the XVI—II — beginning of the XX centuries: the historical-geographical analysis, Proceedings of the Russian Geographical Society, vol. 150, № 2, p. 3—15 (in Russ.).Myazin, N. А. 2022, The spread of Pentecostalism in Latin America, Latinskaya Amerika, № 9, p. 83—97, https://doi.org/10.31857/S0044748X0017752-6 (in Russ.).Dementiev, V. S. 2021, Approaches to the study of the state of structural elements of the confessional space of the north-west of Russia at the turn of the XIX—XX centuries, Pskov Journal of Regional Studies, № 2 (46), p. 117—131, https://doi.org/10.37490/s221979310014074-4 (in Russ.).Gravchikova, А. А. 2022, Influence of the Population Religious Diversity on the Socio-Economic Indicators of the Russian Federation Regions, Regionology = Russian Journal of Regional Studies, vol. 30, № 1, p. 55—75, https://doi.org/10.15507/2413-1407.118.030.202201.055-075 (in Russ.).Lunkin, R., Filatov, S. 2021, Christian Churches and the Antiidentist Revolution, World Eсonomy and International Relations, № 8, p. 97—108, https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-8-97-108 (in Russ.).Karam, A. 2016, The Role of Religious Actors in Implementing the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals, The Ecumenical Review, vol. 68, № 4, p. 365—377, https://doi.org/10.1111/erev.12241Kettell, S. 2019, ‘Social Capital and Religion in the United Kingdom’ in Manuel, P., Glatzer, M. (eds.), Faith-Based Organizations and Social Welfare, London, Palgrave Studies in Religion, Politics, and Policy, p. 185—203, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77297-4_8Shapiro, E. A. 2022, Protective Canopy: Religious and Social Capital as Elements of a Theory of Religion and Health, Journal of Religion and Health, vol. 61, p. 4466— 4480, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01207-8Rogers, M. 2018, Does religion always help the poor? Variations in religion and social class in the west and societies in the global south, Palgrave Communications, № 4, 73, https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0135-3Campante, F., Yanagizawa-Drott, D. 2015, Does Religion Affect Economic: Growth and Happiness? Evidence from Ramadan, Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 130, p. 615—658, https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjv002Bellia, C., Scavone, V., Ingrassia, M. 2021, Food and Religion in Sicily — A New Green Tourist Destination by an Ancient Route from the Past, Sustainability, vol. 13, 6686, https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126686Aurel, G., Dumitrache, L., Giusca, M. 2018, Assessment of the religious-tourism potential in Romania, Human Geographies, vol. 12, № 2, р. 225—237, https://doi.org/10.5719/hgeo.2018.122.6Aschauer, W. 2020, The Drivers of Prejudice with a Special Focus on Religion — Insights into anti-Muslim Sentiment in Austrian Society, Österreichische Zeitschrift für Soziologie, vol. 45, p. 183—212, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11614-020-00414-zKolb, J., Yildiz, E. 2019, Muslim Everyday Religious Practices in Austria. From Defensive to Open Religiosity, Religions, vol. 10, № 3, 161, https://doi.org/10.3390/rel10030161Yang, J. A. 2011, A Christian Perspective on Immigrant Integration, The Review of Faith and International Affairs, vol. 9, № 1, p. 77—83, https://doi.org/10.1080/15570274.2011.543623Balabeikina, О. А., Dmitriev, A. L., Solodyankina, E. I. 2022, Religious institution as part of social and economic sphere, World Eсonomy and International Relations, vol. 66, № 9, p. 119—129, https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2022-66-9-119-129 (in Russ.).Khrzhanovskaya, А. А. 2020, Religious heterogeneity: a barrier or a factor of economic development in Russia? Region: Economics and Sociology, № 4, p. 23—43, https://doi.org/10.15372/REG20200402 (in Russ.).Galiatsatos, P., Sundar, S., Qureshi, A., Ooi, G., Teague, P., Hale, D. W. 2016, Health Promotion in the Community: Impact of Faith-Based Lay Health Educators in Urban Neighborhoods, Journal of Religion and Health, vol. 55, p. 1089—1096, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-016-0206-yEidemiller, К. Yu. 2018, Islamic diffusion in the Nordic Countries: migration processes and the Islamic revolution, Bulletin of the Komi Republican Academy of Public Administration and Management. Series: Theory and Practice of Management, № 20 (25), p. 231—244 (in Russ.).Stepanova, Е. А. 2019, Secularity in socio-cultural context: the case of Denmark, Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta, Filosofiia i Konfliktologiia, vol. 35, № 1, p. 209—221, https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu17.2019.117 (in Russ.).Talalaeva, E. Yu., Pronina, T. S. 2020, Ethno-confessional immigrant ghettos as a national security problem in Denmark’s social and political discourse, Baltic region, vol. 12, № 3, p. 55—71, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2020-3-4 (in Russ.).Balabeikina, О. А., Yankovskaya, А. А., Korobushchenko, V. Yu. 2022, Religious organization in sustainable development of regions: the case of Diocese Viborg of the Evangelic Lutheran Church of Denmark, The North and the Market: Forming the Economic Order, № 1, p. 84—95, https://doi.org/10.37614/2220-802X.1.2022.75.007Zudov, Yu. V. 2011, Debates about the reform of church in modern Denmark, Istoriya, № 5, p. 6—7. EDN: PCSQYT (in Russ.).Christensen, H. R. 2019, Continuity with the Past and Uncertainty for the Future: Religion in Danish Newspapers 1750—2018, Temenos — Nordic Journal for the Study of Religion, vol. 55, № 2, р. 201—224, https://doi.org/10.33356/temenos.87825Haugen, H. М. 2011, The Evangelical Lutheran Church in Denmark and the Multicultural Challenges, Politics and Religion, vol. 4, № 3, р. 476—502, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755048311000447Reeh, N. 2022, Dancing with Religion: Organized Atheism and Humanism in the Field of Religions in Denmark, Numen, vol. 69, № 5-6, р. 542—568, https://doi.org/10.1163/15685276-12341667Jensen, T., Geertz, A. W. 2014, From the History of Religions to the Study of Religion in Denmark: An Essay on the Subject, Organizational History and Research Themes, Temenos — Nordic Journal for the Study of Religion, vol. 50, № 1, р. 79—114, https://doi.org/10.33356/temenos.46252Взаимосвязь развития региона и функ­ционирования вузов (на примере Северо-Западного федерального округа)O. V.Kotominahttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0809-1712E. A.Tretiakovahttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9345-1040The role of universities in regional socio-economic systems is pivotal. However, despite the overall trend of GRP growth, regions of Russia’s Northwestern Federal District underperform on education-related measures. These include the share of education in GRP, the percentage of individuals employed in the education sector and the number of universities and students. These trends pose a substantial challenge to regional development, especially in the context of the fourth industrial revolution and the rise of the knowledge economy. The lack of attention to the education sector may stem from the gross underestimation of its contribution to regional development. By implementing their ‘third mission’, universities exert influence on the economy, politics and socially responsible industries in their home region. A better understanding of the role of universities in regional development requires a comprehensive evaluation of their performance. This study aims to evaluate the performance of regional universities and examine its impact on regional socio-economic indicators. The paper proposes a methodology for evaluating the performance of regional universities and presents the results of its application in the regions of Russia’s Northwestern Federal District. The universities of the Arkhangelsk region and St Petersburg demonstrated the highest performance levels, whilst those of the Leningrad region were the lowest. Correlation analysis showed a significant connection between universities’ performance levels and the key socio-economic indicators of regional development. Universities’ performance levels vary significantly across Russia’s Northwestern regions. The findings may interest researchers studying regional development issues and administrators of universities prioritising the implementation of the third mission. Additionally, the results can inform decisions regarding the advancement of higher education at the regional level within the Northwestern Federal District.0606202611714010.5922/2079-8555-2024-1-7https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/5527/47120/Iaskova, Т. I. 2020, The current state of the scientific and educational system of the NWFD in the context of the development of human capital, In: Baltic region — the region of cooperation regions in the era of global change, vol. 4, part 1, p. 245—253 (in Russ.).Zemtsov, S. P., Smelov, Y. А. 2018, Factors of Regional Development in Russia: Geography, Human Capital and Regional Policies, Journal of the New Economic Association, vol. 4, № 40, p. 84—108, https://doi.org/10.31737/2221-2264-2018-40-4-4 (in Russ.).Komarova, А. V., Kritsyna, Е. А. 2012, On the proportion human capital in GRP of Russian regions, Bulletin of the Novosibirsk State University. Series: Socio-economic sciences, vol. 12, № 3, p. 5—14. EDN: PUAHIT (in Russ.).Karpov, A. 2017, Modern university as an economic growth driver: Models & missions, Voprosy Ekonomiki, № 3, p. 58—76, https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2017-3-58-76 (in Russ.).Malkovets, N. V. 2019, The third function of the university: the need or the duty, Society and Security Insights, vol. 2, № 3, p. 177—184, https://doi.org/10.14258/ssi(2019)3-6282 (in Russ.).Prodyblokh, N. Е. 2018, Social role of a university in the modern transforming society, Bulletin of Maikop State Technological University, № 1, p. 87—93. EDN: XUNRTV (in Russ.).Erohina, E. V., Gagarina, G. Y. 2019, Specific features of developing digital economy in the North-west federal district: challenges and prospects, Vestnik of the Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, № 3, p. 49—68, https://doi.org/10.21686/2413-2829-2019-3-49-68 (in Russ.).Rande, Y. P. 2019, Features of formation of intellektual resource in Russian economy. In: Zolitukhina, V. M., Mikhailova, V. G. (eds.), Problems of economics and management: socio-cultural, legal and organizational aspects, Kemerovo, T. F. Gorbachev Kuzbass State Technical University, p. 271—281. EDN: IUBCUY (in Russ.).Ogurtsova, E. V., Chelnokova, O. Yu. 2018, Evaluation of Realization of Basic Functions of Regional Systems of Higher Education, Izv. Saratov Univ. (N. S.), Series: Economics. Management. Law, vol. 18, № 2, p. 169—175. EDN: UOQNKA (in Russ.).Solovyeva, L. V., Solovyeva, V. I. 2016, Education as a factor of social and economic development of the Russia and regions, Economics. Information Technologies, vol. 40, № 23 (244), p. 22—29. EDN: XRZZCH (in Russ.).Firsova, А. A., Chernyshova, G. Yu. 2019, Mathematical Models for Evaluation of the Higher Education System Functions with DEA Approach, Izvestiya of Saratov University. Series: Mathematics. Mechanics. Informatics, vol. 19, № 3, p. 351—362, https://doi.org/10.18500/1816-9791-2019-19-3-351-362Freiman, Е. N., Tretiakova, Е. 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