NONE20260602191112230Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal Universityno-reply@balticregion.kantiana.ruImmanuel Kant Baltic Federal UniversityBaltic Region2079-85552310-052406022026153Репутация и статус в стратегической культуре ДанииN. E.Belukhinhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7505-2356V. V.Vorotnikovhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3374-5677S. Y.Dianinahttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8407-7640The primary objective of the article is to evaluate the significance of status and allied reputation within Denmark’s strategic culture. Amongst Danish international relations scholars, there is a well-established notion that one of the key motivations for the use of military force in Danish foreign policy was the aspiration to cultivate special relations with the United States and achieve the status of a privileged ally. This status would confirm guarantees for Denmark’s national security, provide the country with an opportunity for distinctive influence in decision-making and agenda-setting in NATO, the EU, and transatlantic cooperation. A qualitative content analysis of the 2017—2018, 2019—2020 and 2022 Danish foreign policy strategies was carried out to determine the effect of such expert perceptions on the texts of the guiding foreign policy documents. The analysis highlighted and confirmed the ‘super Atlanticism’ tendencies in Denmark’s contemporary strategic culture, revealing its close ties with the Danish perception of the US as the safeguard for the liberal world order and associated multilateral institutions. Denmark’s value-driven militarised foreign political activism in the post-Cold War era is thus not only pragmatic but also ideological as it seeks to promote liberal values, democracy and human rights under American leadership. 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The comparative analysis of university entrepreneurship education in the Baltic States demonstrates the strengths and weaknesses inherent in the notion of entrepreneurial potential. This study also considers the impact of academic mobility in the modern world, characterized by rapid and dynamic shifts in technology, markets, and business models. The study concludes that proficiency in working with AI-powered equipment and algorithms is of paramount importance in amplifying the entrepreneurial potential of students in Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia. This aspect is increasingly gaining attention from universities, which collaborate closely with the business sector, governmental bodies, and regional agencies to provide diverse forms of support to aspiring business students. 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Sociologija, vol. 28, № 4, p. 236—245.Menshikov, V., Ruza, O. 2021, Entrepreneurial potential of students, University Economic Bulletin, №49, p. 70—80, https://doi.org/10.31470/2306-546X-2021-49-70-80.Šķilters, J., Newcombe, N. S., Uttal, D. (ed.). 2020, Spatial Cognition XII: 12th International Conference, Spatial Cognition 2020, Riga, Latvia, August 26–28, 2020, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 12162), Springer Nature, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57983-8.Стипендиальная политика шведского института как инструмент «мягкой силы»G. S.Ragozinhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8695-4096This paper examines how soft power, nation branding and academic cooperation came together in the scholarship policy pursued by the Swedish Institute (SI) from 1995 to 2023. An investigation of the organisation’s materials, scholarship statistics and feedback interviews with SI programme alumni suggests that the implementation of the scholarship policy was erratic during the study period. A comprehensive analysis of the Institute’s efforts was carried out to describe the relationship between nation branding, soft power and education. The focus was on the principles and practices behind promoting Sweden’s image in an international educational setting, the evolution of the Institute’s scholarship policy and the effect of soft power and nation branding on a grantee’s academic track. Interactions between the SI and grantees during and after their stay in the country and scholarship distribution were examined to understand the dynamics behind the scholarship policy. The study draws on the concepts of nation branding and soft power to explore the corresponding elements in certain regional and national cases during the study period. It is concluded that the Institute is an effective tool of Sweden’s soft power, with its scholarship policy promoting the Government’s official position on global social, economic and political development. SI grantees complete their chosen programmes and get acquainted with the country’s social and political institutions. As of today, the educational component seems to be subordinate to nation branding and soft power.06022026668210.5922/2079-8555-2023-3-4https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/5412/44152/Nye, J. 1990. Soft Power, Foreign Policy, № 80, p. 153—171.Boldyreva, S. Yu., Boldyrev, R. Yu., Beloshitskaya, N. N. 2020, Federal university’s role in the implementation of the Russian Federation «soft power» conception in Central Asia (the case of Northern (Arctic) Federal university named after M. V. Lomonosov), Vestnik Volgogradskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta. Seriya 4. Istoriya. Regionovedenie. 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P. 2021, Тhe Russian Federation’s Chairmanship at the Arctic Council, Sovremennaya Evropa, № 5, p. 90—99, http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope520219099 (in Russ.).Kuznetsov, S. V., Mezhevich, N. M., Bolotov, D. A. 2016, Cross-border cooperation in the north-west of Russia: theory, Russian practical implementation in new geopolitical conditions. In: Perspektivy socialno-ekonomicheskogo razvitiya prigranichnykh regionov, Materialy Tretiey nauchno-prakticheskoy konferencii s mezhdunarodnym uchastiem [Border regions socio-economic development perspectives. Proceedings of the third research and practical conference with international participation], Petrozavodsk, RAS Karelian Research Centre, p. 54—57. EDN: ZAKBVH (in Russ.).Podoplekin, A. O., Pavlenko, V. I., Hik, D., Mikkelsen, N., Barr, S., Rachold, V. 2014, International Arctic Science Committee: Arctic research priorities, The Arctic Herald, № 4 (12), p. 18—28. EDN: WIZJWN.Ryzhkova, I. V., Sergeev, A. M. 2019, Internationalization of the Flagship University: Arctic Vector, Vysshee obrazovanie v Rossii, vol. 28, № 3, p. 127—136, https://doi.org/10.31992/0869-3617-2019-28-3-127-136 (in Russ.).Larsen, H. 2021, The Arctic Exception: the Role of the EU in the Kingdom of Denmark’s Arctic Policy, European Foreign Affairs Review, vol. 26, № 2, p. 289—308, https://doi.org/10.54648/eerr2021020.Fan, Y. 2010, Branding the nation: Towards a better understanding, Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, vol. 6, № 2, p. 97—103, https://doi.org/10.1057/pb.2010.16.Torkunov, A. V. 2012, Education as a Soft Power Tool in Russian Foreign Policy, Vestnik MGIMO-Universiteta, № 4 (25), p. 85—93, https://doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2012-4-25-85-93 (in Russ.).Smirnov, A. I., Kokhtyulina, I. N. 2012, Globalnaya bezopasnost i «myagkaya sila 2.0»: vyzovy i vozmozhnosti dlya Rossii [Global Security and Soft Power 2.0: challenges and opportunities for Russia], M., VNII Geosistem, 280 p. (in Russ.).Sayamov, Yu. N. 2014, Education as a “soft power” for sustainable development. In: Mezhpredmetnoye partnerstvo v realizatsii programmy formirovaniya ekologicheskoi kultury, zdorovogo i bezopasnogo obraza zhizni, Materialy mezhdunarodnoi konferentsii [Interdisciplinary collaboration in ecological culture, healthy and secure lifestyle implementation. International conference proceedings], M., Moscow City Department of Education, p. 17—29 (in Russ.).Antonova, N. L. Sushchenko, A. D., Popova, N. G. 2020, «Soft power» of higher education as a world leadership factor, Obrazovaniye I nauka, vol. 22, № 1, p. 31—58, https://doi.org/10.17853/1994-5639-2020-1-31—58 (in Russ.).Antyukhova, E. A. 2019, Education in the US «soft power» policy, Polis. Political Studies, № 2, p. 123—136, https://doi.org/10.17976/jpps/2019.02.09 (in Russ.).Antyukhova, E. A. 2019, Factor of Education in Soft Power of the United States, China and the EU: A Comparative Analysis, Comparative Politics Russia, № 2, p. 86— 98, https://doi.org/10.24411/2221-3279-2019-10018 (in Russ.).Antyukhova, E. A. 2018, Education as a Soft Power in modern foreign and Russian politological research, Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Seriya 4, Istoriya. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, vol. 23, № 4, p. 197—209, https://doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2018.4.17 (in Russ.).Frolova, O. A. 2013, «Soft power» of foreign policy activity of the USA: institutions and mechanisms of formation, RUDN Journal of Political Science, № 3, p. 49—54. EDN: RBMVJJ (in Russ.).Bratersky, M. V., Skirba, A. S. 2014, Soft power concept in the U.S. foreign strategy, International Organisations Research Journal, vol. 9, № 2, p. 130—144 (in Russ.). EDN: TIVYBL.Andreyeva, T. L., Kern, K. 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Om Svenska institutets myndighetsinstruktioner och regleringsbrev 1998—2018, Stockholm, Elanders.Åkerlund, A. 2018, The Slow Reunification of Development Assistance and Public Diplomacy: Exchange and Collaboration Activities through the Swedish Institute 1973—2012 in Pammement, J., Wilkins, K. G. (eds.), The Politics of Foreign Aid Palgrave Studies in Communication for Social Change, Cham, Palgrave, p. 143—167, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76759-8_7.Åkerlund, A., Collsiöö, A., Börjesson, M. 2018, Akademiskt utbyte och internationell migration. En studie av stipendiater inom Svenska institutets Visbyprogram 1997—2015, Stockholm, Elanders.Lundén, Th. 2022, Turning towards the inland sea? 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M. 2014, «Myagkaya sila» obrazovaniya kak sredstvo ustanovleniya kulturnykh svyazei i dostizheniya politicheskikh tselei [«Soft power» of education as a means of cultural bounds establishment and political targets achievement], Rossiya i Vostok: kulturnye svyazi v proshlom i nastoyashchem, Materialy Mezhdunarodnoi nauchnoi konferentsii IX Kolosnitsynskie chteniya [Russia and the Orient: cultural bounds in the past and today, Proceedings of the international research conference «IX Kolosnitsyn readings»], Ekaterinburg, Humanitarian University Publishing, p. 33—36. EDN: YQYSDB (in Russ.).Leonova, O. G. 2013, Myagkaya sila — resurs vneshnei politiki gosudarstva [Soft power as a tool of state foreign policy], Observer, № 4, p. 27—40 (in Russ.).Anholt, S. 2006, Competitive Identity: The New Brand Management for Nations, Cities and Regions. Palgrave Macmillan, London, http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230627727.Современные тенденции парадипломатии на примере российско-финляндского регионального сотрудничестваA. S.Tarasovahttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9316-2217For several decades, EU-Russian regional cooperation helped effectively respond to the local challenges. The EU terminated programmes for regional cooperation with Russia and Belarus in 2022. The existing paradiplomatic structure, however, may be of interest to scholars and policymakers as a model to be reproduced by Russia in cooperation with non-EU neighbours. The study aims to identify the main trends in paradiplomacy by examining Russian-Finnish regional collaboration. It reviews theoretical approaches to paradiplomacy, conducts a case study analysis of three forms of Russian-Finnish regional interaction and defines the main trends in paradiplomacy. The author concludes that paradiplomacy intensifies globalisation and regionalisation processes. In the past years, the main paradiplomacy trends in cooperation between Russia and the Baltic Sea region states, particularly Finland, were as follows: (1) project activity gathering momentum; (2) diversification of paradiplomatic actors; (3) equal and symmetrical partnership between Russia and the European states.06022026839910.5922/2079-8555-2023-3-5https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/5412/44153/Kuznetsov, A. S. 2015, Theory and Practice of Paradiplomacy: Subnational Governments, International Affairs, New York, Routledge, 184 p., https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315817088.Butler, R. 1962, Paradiplomacy in A. O. Sarkissian (ed.), Studies in Diplomatic History and Historiography in Honour of G. P. Gooch, New York, Barnes and Noble.Soldatos, P. 1993, Cascading Subnational Paradiplomacy in an Interdependent and Transnational World in Fry, E., Brown, D. (eds.), States and Provinces in the International Economy, Berkeley, Institute of Governmental Studies Press, p. 45—64.Duchacek, I. 1990, Perforated sovereignties: towards a typology of new actors in international relations, Federalism and international relations: the role of subnational units, p. 1—33.Joenniemi, P., Sergunin, A. 2014, Paradiplomacy as a Capacity-Building Strategy, Problems of Post-Communism, vol. 61, № 6, p. 18—33.Cornago, N. 1999, Diplomacy and Paradiplomacy in the Redefinition of International Security: Dimensions of Conflict and Co-Operation in Aldecoa, F. (ed.), Paradiplomacy in Action: The Foreign Relations of Subnational Governments, London, Routledge, p. 40—57, https://doi.org/10.1080/13597569908421070.Marks, G. 1993, Structural Policy and Multi-Level Governance in the EC in Cafruny, A., Rosenthal, G. (eds.), The State of the European Community: The Maastricht Debate and Beyond, Boulder, Colorado, Lynne Rienner, p. 391—411.Lecours, A. 2008, Political Issues of Paradiplomacy: Lessons from the Developed World, JSTOR, URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep05373 (accessed 15.03.2023).Bolotov, D. A., Mezhevich, N. M. 2017, Inter-municipal international cooperation as a way to improve state and municipal governance: the experience of the Leningrad region, Vestnik fakul’teta upravleniâ SPbGÈU, № 1 (1), p. 105—109. EDN: YZCEJZ (in Russ.).Sebentsov, A. B. 2018, institutional dimension of the cross-border cooperation in the Russia borderland, Regional’nye issledovaniâ, № 3, p. 66—75. EDN: VPMQAB (in Russ.).Sebentsov, A. B. 2020, Cross-border cooperation on the EU-Russian borders: results of the program approach, Geography, environment, sustainability, vol. 13, № 1, p. 74—83, https://doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2019-136.Fritsch, M., Németh, S., Piipponen, M., Yarovoy, G. 2015, Whose partnership? Regional participatory arrangements in CBC programming on the Finnish—Russian border, European Planning Studies, № 23, p. 2582—2599, https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2015.1096916.Koch, K. 2017, The role of territoriality in the European Union multi-level governmental cooperation framework of Finnish—Russian cross-border cooperation, European Urban and Regional Studies, vol. 26, № 3, https://doi.org/10.1177/0969776417736359.Lequesne, C., Paquin, S. 2017, Federalism, Paradiplomacy and Foreign Policy: A Case of Mutual Neglect, International Negotiation, vol. 22, № 2, p. 183—204, https://doi.org/10.1163/15718069-22001133.Kerimov, А. А., Bakov, А. А. 2019, International activity of regions: main directions and tools of paradiplomatic activity, Izvestia. Ural Federal University journal. Series 3, Social and political sciences, vol. 14, № 2 (188), p. 102—108. EDN: ITRDME (in Russ.).Novikova, I. N., Popov, D. I. 2020, Economic Relations between the Leningrad Region and Sweden at the Beginning of XXI Century: Challenges and Perspectives, Administrative Consulting, № 4, p. 66—79, https://doi.org/10.22394/1726-1139-2020-4-66-79 (in Russ.).Gerring, J. 2004, What is a case study and what is it good for? 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EDN TRRRXL (in Russ.).Harrison, H., Birks, M., Franklin, R., Mills, J. 2017, Case study research: Foundations and methodological orientations, Forum qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: qualitative social research, Los Angeles, Sage, vol. 18, № 1, https://doi.org/10.17169/fqs-18.1.2655.Bobylev, N., Gadal, S., Kireyeu, V., Sergunin, A. 2020, EU-Russia cross-border co-operation in the twenty-first century: Turning marginality into competitive advantage, Regional Science Policy and Practice, № 12, p. 841—859, https://doi.org/10.1111/rsp3.12316.Yin, R. K. 2009, Case Study Research: Design and Methods (4th ed.), Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Van der Pluijm, R. 2007, City Diplomacy: The Expanding Role of Cities in International Politics, Clingendael Diplomacy Papers, № 10.Mikhailova, E.V. 2015, Formation of terminological complex in the sphere of studying transborder territorial units, Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Economics, № 2, р. 7—16. EDN: TYYTRV (in Russ.).Anischenko, A. G., Sergunin, A. A. 2012, ‘Twin Cities’: a new form of cross-border cooperation in the Baltic region? Baltic region, vol. 11, № 1, p. 27—38, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2012-1-3.Mikhailova, E. V. 2016, Border cooperation of municipalities in Russia and abroad on the example of “twin cities”, In Socio-economic, geopolitical and socio-cultural problems of development of border regions of Russia, Materials of the XXXII annual session of the economic and geographical section of MARS, 2016, p. 108—116. EDN XHKFDL (in Russ.).Joenniemi, P., Sergunin, A. 2012, Laboratories of European Integration: Citytwinning in Northern Europe. Euborderregions, Working Papers Series 1.Sergunin, A., Joenniemi, P. 2017, Does the EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region (EUSBSR) Mobilize the Municipal Level? City Twinning in Northern Europe, Journal of Baltic Studies, p. 81—95, https://doi.org/10.1080/01629778.2017.1305183.Joenniemi, P., Sergunin, A. 2017, City-Twinning in IR Theory: Escaping the Confines of the Ordinary, Journal of Borderlands Studies, vol. 32, № 4, p. 443—458, https://doi.org/10.1080/08865655.2016.1257361.Romanova, T., Pavlova, E. 2019, Resilience in the European Union and Russia: Essence and Perspectives of the New Concept, World Eсonomy and International Relations, vol. 63, № 6, p. 102—109, https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2019-63-6-102-109 (in Russ.).Scott, J. W. 2015, Bordering, border politics and cross-border cooperation in Europe, in: Celata, F., Coletti, R. (eds.), Neighbourhood policy and the construction of the European external borders, GeoJournal Library, vol. 115, Springer, Cham, p. 27—44, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18452-4_2.Telegina, G. V., Shtykova, N. V. 2005, University in a global world: is it a new mission? University management: practice and analysis, № 5, p. 63—67. EDN: GXPRDT (in Russ.).Sergeev, A., Ryzhkova, I. 2012. Specific features of internationalization of higher education in the framework of the northern dimension, Baltic region, №3, p. 24—36, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2010-3-4.Khudolei, K., Novikova, I., Lanko, D. 2012. Innovative education for the Baltic region: the experience of the Finnish-Russian cross-border university, Baltic region, № 3, p. 5—20, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2010-3-2.Novikova, I. N., Popov, D. I. 2021, Foreign economic cooperation between St. Petersburg and Denmark in the 21st century: main trends, problems, prospects, Vestnik of Saint-Petersburg University. International relations, № 1, p. 41—70. EDN: QLQMYM (in Russ.).Развитие экономики регионов Северо-Западного федерального округа в условиях миграции населения в Санкт-Петербургскую агломерациюP. V.Druzhininhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5303-0455This article aims to analyse the development of Russia’s North-Western Federal District (NWFD) regions between 1998 and 2021, based on data from Rosstat. It focuses on how the territories responded to migration to the St. Petersburg agglomeration in the early 21st century and compares their progress with the cores of the St. Petersburg, Moscow, and Helsinki agglomerations. For building the models, regions with similar development dynamics were divided into four sectors: St. Petersburg, the Leningrad region, three less advanced northern areas, and the more successful NWFD territories. Before the 2008—2009 crisis, St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region outperformed the other north-western areas. However, the crisis led to a sharp decline in economic growth rates across the federal district, with manufacturing, agriculture, and forestry replacing the service sector as the main drivers. St. Petersburg’s development slowed down, and it became less efficient compared to the Leningrad region and the other five territories, which excelled in manufacturing, agriculture, and forestry. Despite migration to the St. Petersburg agglomeration and an associated increase in employment, the city did not gain a significant advantage over the other NWFD regions due to insufficient investment and hindrance in the development of new economic sectors. Migration to the St. Petersburg agglomeration primarily involved younger people but did not significantly impact traditional industries, such as manufacturing, agriculture, and forestry, which remained at the core of NWFD regions’ economic success. St. Petersburg’s higher economic efficiency compared to Moscow and Helsinki was a result of greater investments in manufacturing.0602202610011610.5922/2079-8555-2023-3-6https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/5413/44154/Davis, D. R., Dingel, J. I. 2020, The comparative advantage of cities, Journal of International Economics, vol. 123, 103291, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2020.103291.Chica, J., Duarte, C., 2014, Analysing the effects of knowledge economy externalities in metropolitan employment growth, Proceedings of the 7th knowledge cities world summit: knowledge-based services (KCWS 2014), p. 16—24.Haryono, A., Muaziz, M., Jaelani, A. 2021, Analysis of Urban Agglomeration in Economic and Legal Perspectives, Pena Justisia: Media Komunikasi dan Kajian Hukum, vol. 20, № 1, https://doi.org/10.31941/pj.v20i1.1714.Sonnenschein, T., Scheider, S., Zheng, S. 2022, The rebirth of urban subcenters: How subway expansion impacts the spatial structure and mix of amenities in European cities, Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, vol. 49, № 4, p. 1266—1282, https://doi.org/10.1177/23998083211056955.Ouwehand, W., Van Oort, F., Cortinovis, N. 2022, Spatial structure and productivity in European regions, Regional studies, vol. 56, № 1, p. 48—62, https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2021.1950912.He, L., Tao, J., Meng, P., Chen, D., Yan, M., Vasa, L. 2021, Analysis of socio-economic spatial structure of urban agglomeration in China based on spatial gradient and clustering, Oeconomia Copernicana, vol. 12, № 3, p. 789—819, https://doi.org/10.24136/oc.2021.026.Ghafoor, N., Fayyaz, S., Mehr-Un-Nisa, Akbar, R. 2021, An empirical investigation of socio-economic impacts of agglomeration economies in major cities of Punjab, Pakistan, Cogent Economics & Finance, vol. 9, № 1, 1975915, https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2021.1975915.Forslid, R., Okubo, T. 2021, Agglomeration of low-productive entrepreneurs to large regions: A simple model, Spatial Economic Analysis, vol. 16, № 4, p. 471—486, https://doi.org/10.1080/17421772.2021.1884280.Pelkonen, A. 2005, State restructuring, urban competitiveness policies and technopole building in Finland: A critical view on the global state thesis, European planning studies, vol. 13, № 5, p. 685—705, https://doi.org/10.1080/09654310500139319.Kaakinen, I. 2016, Economic Geography of Knowledge-Intensive Technology Clusters: Lessons from the Helsinki Metropolitan Area, Journal of Urban Technology, vol. 23, № 1, p. 95— 114, https://doi.org/10.1080/10630732.2015.1090196.Victor, A., 2018, Game Development and Agglomeration in Finland, Bengaluru. IIITB, 25 p.Kupiszewski, M. et al. 2000, Internal migration and regional population dynamics in Europe: Finland case study, Leeds, University Leeds.Piekkola, H. 2018, Internationalization via export growth and specialization in Finnish regions, Cogent Economics & Finance, vol. 6, № 1, 1514574, https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2018.1514574.Rybakov, F. F., Chebotarev, A. I., Shkonda, K. V., 2002, Severo-Zapad Rossii: ternistyy put’ k rynku [North-West of Russia: a thorny path to the market], Saint Petersburg, OCEiM, 354 p. EDN: SJHVIL (in Russ.).Bulycheva, N. V. et al. 2022, Sankt-Peterburgskaya aglomeratsiya: stadii formirovaniya i perspektivy razvitiya [St. Petersburg agglomeration: stages of formation and development prospects], Saint Petersburg, IPRES, 219 p. EDN: UJKKCI (in Russ.).Leksin, V. N. 2009, Cities of Power: Administrative Centres of Russia, Universe of Russia, №1, p. 3—33. EDN: NDSVFT (in Russ.).Leyzekovich, E. E. 2008, The course of population concentration in the central parts of the subjects of the Russian Federation after 1990, Transformatsiya rossiiskogo prostranstva: sotsial’no-ekonomicheskie i prirodno-resursnye faktory (polimasshabnyi analiz), Material mezhdunarodnoi konferentsii [The transformation of the Russian space: socio-economic and natural resource factors (multi-scale analysis), Materials of the international conference], Moscow, MARS, p. 173—181. EDN: TJWXOI (in Russ.).Mkrtchyan, N., Karachurnia, L. 2014, The Baltics and Russian North-West: the core and the periphery in the 2000s, Baltic region, № 2, p. 48—62, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2014-2-4.Zubarevich, N. V. 2017. Russia’s agglomerations development: trends, resources and governing, Social Sciences and Contemporary World, № 6, p. 5—21. EDN: ZRMYDX (in Russ.).Druzhinin, P. V., Zimin, D. 2019, Influence of external shocks on the spatial structure of the population of the border Territories, St. Petersburg University Journal of Economic Studies, vol. 35, № 3, p. 397—418, https://doi.org/1010.21638/spbu05.2019.304 (in Russ.).Pechenskaya, M. A. 2020, Contemporary problems of budget development of regional centers, Actual Problems of Economics and Law, vol. 14, № 1, p. 40—56, https://doi.org/10.21202/1993-047X.14.2020.1.40-56 (in Russ.).Voroshilov, N. V. 2021, Development of Urban Agglomerations in the European North of Russia, Federalism, vol. 26, № 4, p. 54—74, https://doi.org/10.21686/2073-1051-2021-4-54-74 (in Russ.).Fauzer, V. V., Smirnov, A. V., Lytkina, T. S., Fauzer, G. N. 2021, Urban agglomerations in the settlement system of the north of Russia, Economic and Social Changes: Facts, Trends, Forecast, vol. 14, № 4, p. 77—96, https://doi.org/10.15838/esc.2021.4.76.5 (in Russ.).Vlacyuk, L. I. 2019, Economic interactions of St. Petersburg and Leningrad region as a regional system “center — periphery”, Upravlencheskie nauki v sovremennom mire. Material mezhdunarodnoi konferentsii [Management sciences in the modern world, Materials of the international conference], p. 524—526. EDN: XCXJDR (in Russ.).Krasnova, M., Mezhevich, N., Stepanskii, G. 2019, Influence of agglomeration effect on the dynamics of suburbanization of adjacent territories on the example of St. Petersburg, Vestnik of the Komi Republiсan Academy of State Service and Administration. Theory and practice of administration, № 23 (28), p. 30—34. EDN: PWKCQJ (in Russ.).Olifir, D. I. 2023, Spatial differentiation of socio-economic development of the St. Petersburg agglomeration, Studies on Russian Economic Development, vol. 34. № 1, p. 65—77, https://doi.org/10.47711/0868-6351-196-65-77 (in Russ.).Fedorov, G. M. 2022, The economy of Russian Baltic regions: development level and dynamics, structure and international trade partners, Baltic region, vol. 14, № 4, p. 20—38, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2022-4-2.Shmidt, A. B., Antonyuk, V. S., Francini, A. 2016, Urban Agglomerations in Regional Development: Theoretical, Methodological and Applied Aspects, Economy of Region, vol. 16, № 3, p. 776—789, https://doi.org/10.17059/2016-3-14 (in Russ.).Druzhinin, P. V. 2020, Features of population distribution in Russia and Finland: impact of geographical factors and universities, Region: Economics and Sociology, № 3, p. 165—189, https://doi.org/10.15372/REG20200307 (in Russ.).Druzhinin, P. V. 2022, The Resource Concentration in Moscow: Impact on the Economy of the Central Federal District, Prostranstvennaya Ekonomika = Spatial Economics, vol. 18, № 3, p. 115—140, https://doi.org/10.14530/se.2022.3.115-140 (in Russ.).Kolesnikov, N. G., Tolstoguzov, O. V. 2016, Structural changes in the economy of the Russian Northwest: spatial dimension, Baltic region, vol. 8, № 2, p. 20—32, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2016-2-2.Sidorov, M. A. 2019, Trends in the development of the NWFD industry, Vektor ekonomiki [The vector of the economy], № 6 (36), p. 78 (in Russ.). EDN: HZJIUU.Kuznetsova, O. V. 2018, Concentration of Economic Activity in Moscow and Saint Petersburg: Trends, Factors, Implications for the Cities, Problems of Territory’s Development, № 5 (97), p. 26–40, https://doi.org/10.15838/ptd.2018.5.97.2 (in Russ.).О пространственной дифференциации сельской местности Калининградской области и территориальных различиях социально-экономической политики на селеG. M.Fedorovhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4267-2369The article analyses the challenges associated with the development of rural areas in the Kaliningrad region. The author analyses trends in the development of agriculture, population dynamics, and settlement patterns, while also exploring their interconnectedness and external impacts. The research draws upon comparative-geographical, economic-statistical, and cartographic analyses utilizing official statistical data. The study reveals that since the early 2000s, agricultural production in the Kaliningrad region has been outpacing the national average growth rate. This is primarily attributed to the advancement of larger organisations, while the growth rates of household and small-scale farms remain comparatively low. This development trend is underpinned by a surge in labour productivity accompanied by a substantial reduction in the workforce. Consequently, rural residents are increasingly seeking alternative employment opportunities, either moving to urban areas or engaging in a different type of economic activities. Contrary to the situation in most regions of the Russian Federation, the rural population of the Kaliningrad region is growing. This growth is facilitated by an influx of individuals from other parts of Russia and other countries. Following the polarisation theory, population growth is driven by municipalities in the western part of the oblast, while eastern rural territories are losing population due to both natural decline (common to the oblast as a whole) and migration. Eastern municipalities have the demographic potential to increase the working-age population, while the western part of the oblast does not. The region has been implementing a policy of support for rural territories, especially for the peripheral eastern municipalities. However, there is a need for the policy to be further reinforced, alongside the development of a comprehensive spatial development strategy for the region. The article outlines proposals in this regard.0602202611713910.5922/2079-8555-2023-3-7https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/5413/44155/Averkieva, K. V. 2022, Rural gentrification in the non-chernozem region of Russia?, Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 5, Geografiya, № 6, р. 119—128. EDN: KKGWBJ.Agafonov, N. T. 1982, Regional’naja jekonomiko-demograficheskaja obstanovka: Osnovnye polozhenija koncepcii [Regional economic and demographic situation: the basic concepts]. In: Social’naja geografija Kaliningradskoj oblasti [Social geography of the Kaliningrad region], Kaliningrad, p. 25—42.Alekseev, A. I., Vasilyeva, O. E., Udovenko, V. S., 2020, Rural way of life: The experience of studying the example of small villages in the Leningrad region, Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Earth Sciences, vol. 65, № 3, p. 468—480, https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu07.2020.304.Alekseev, А. I., Imanulov, L. R. 2022, Rural areas of Bashkiria: Prevailing types and features of transformation in the post-Soviet period, Russian Peasant Studies, vol. 7, № 4, p. 109—132, https://doi.org/10.22394/2500-1809-2022-7-4-109-132.Alekseev, А. I., Safronov, S. G., Savoskul, M. S., Kuznetsova, G. Yu. 2019, The Main Trends in the Evolution of Rural Settlement in Russia in the XX — early XXI Centuries, ECO, № 4, p. 26—49, https://doi.org/10.30680/ECO0131-7652-2019-4-26-49.Fedorov, G. M. (ed.). 2022, Kaliningradskoe selo v nachale XXI veka: proizvodstvo, rasselenie, social’nye innovacii [Kaliningrad village at the beginning of the XXI century: production, resettlement, social innovations], Kaliningrad : IKBFU Publishing house, 2022. 215 p. EDN: XZXPWR.Kovalev, S. A. 1963, Sel’skoe rasselenie [Rural settlement], Мoscow, Publishing house of Moscow State University M. Lomonosov, 371 p. (in Russ.).Kostiaev, A. I. 2018, Identification of the Russian model of rural territories’ development, Economics of Agriculture of Russia, № 10, р. 88—103, https://doi.org/10.32651/2070-0288-2018-10-88-103.Lappo, G. M. 1978, Opornyj karkas territorial’noj struktury narodnogo hozjajstva [Support frame of the territorial structure of the national economy], Territorial’naja organizacija proizvoditel’nyh sil [Territorial organization of productive forces], М. : МFGО, p. 2—25.Nefedova, T. G. 2022, Geo-economic changes in agro-complex of Russia under the new geopolitical realities, Regional Research, № 2, p. 4—15, https://doi.org/10.5922/1994-5280-2022-2-1.Nefedova, T. G., Treivish, A. I., Sheludkov, A. V. 2022, Spatially uneven development in Russia, Regional Research of Russia, vol. 12, № 1, p. 4—19, https://doi.org/10.1134/S2079970522020071.Nefedova, T. G., Streletsky, V. N., Treivish, A. I. 2022, Polarization of the socio-economic space of modern Russia: causes, directions and consequences, Vestnik oft he Russian Academy of Science, vol. 92, № 6, p. 551—563. EDN: CDTMTR.Smirnova, A. A., Smirnov, I. P., Tkachenko, A. A. 2023, Geographical approach to the classification of local rural areas (on the example of the Torzhok district in the Tver Region), Economics of Agriculture of Russia, vol. 8, № 1, p. 85—103, https://doi.org/10.22394/2500-1809-2023-8-1-85-103.Udovenko, V. S., Savoskul, M. S., Alekseev, A. I., Vasilyeva, O. E. 2021, Socio-geographical typology of rural-urban communities, Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 5, Geografiya, № 2, p. 3—12. EDN: OQDPNE.Fedorov, G. M., Kuznetsova, T. Yu., Mikhaylova, A. M. 2021, On the implementation of social innovation in rural area Kaliningrad oblast, Vestnik of Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University. Natural and Medical Sciences, № 3, р. 5—21. EDN: DOLEZD.Khorev, B. S. 1971, Problemy gorodov [Problems of cities], Moscow, Mysl, 415 p. (in Russ.).Abalikstiene, E., Perkumiene, D. 2022, Challenges and problems of agricultural land use changes in Lithuania according to territorial planning documents: Case of Vilnius district municipality, Land Use Policy, vol. 117, 106125, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106125.Aleknavičius, A., Aleknavičius, M. 2016, Problems of rural areas management in Lithuania, Baltic Surveying, № 2, p. 6—14.Carson, A. D., Carson, D. B., Argent, N. 2022, Cities, hinterlands and disconnected urban-rural development: Perspectives from sparsely populated, Journal of Rural Studies, № 93, p. 104—111, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2022.05.012.Daunora, Z. J. 2007, Policentriška urbanistinė struktūra — strateginis lietuvos ire s prioritetas, Urbanistika irarchitektūra, vol. 31, № 4, p. 178—191, https://doi.org/10.3846/13921630.2007.10697105.Glückler, J., Shearmur, R., Martinus, K. 2023, Liability or opportunity? Reconceptualizing the periphery and its role in innovation, Journal of Economic Geography, vol. 23, № 1, p. 231— 249, https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbac028.Kühn, M. 2015, Peripheralization: Theoretical Concepts Explaining Socio-Spatial Inequalities, European Planning Studies, vol. 23, № 2, p. 367—378, https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2013.862518.Lang, T., Burneika, D., Noorkõiv, R., Plüschke-Altof, B., Pociūtė-Sereikienė, G., Sechi, G. 2022, Socio-spatial polarisation and policy response: Perspectives for regional development in the Baltic States, European Urban and Regional Studies, vol. 29, № 1, p. 21—44, https://doi.org/10.1177/09697764211023553.Mkrtchyan, N. V. 2019, Migration in rural areas of Russia: territorial differences, Population and Economics, vol. 3, № 1, p 39—51, https://doi.org/10.3897/popecon.3.e34780.Morachevskaya, K. A., Lyzhina, E. A. 2021, Are the food embargo and import substitution changing regional production? A case study of Leningrad oblast, Regional Research of Russia, vol. 11, р. 502—512, https://doi.org/10.1134/S2079970521040146.Perroux, F. 1949, La Généralisation de la «General Theory», Conférences faites en décembre 1949 à la Faculté des Sciences économiques et sociales d’Istanbul, Istanbul, 78 р.Pezzi, M. G., Urso, G. 2016, Peripheral areas: conceptualizations and policies. Introduction and editorial note, Italian Journal of Planning Practice, 2016, vol. 6, № 1, p. 1—19.Pociūtė-Sereikienė, G. 2019, Peripheral regions in Lithuania: the results of uneven development, Regional Studies, Regional Science, vol. 6, р. 70—77, https://doi.org/10.1080/21681376.2019.1571437.Rodoman, B. B. 1968, The Organized Anthroposphere, Soviet Geography, vol. 9, p. 784— 796, https://doi.org/10.1080/00385417.1968.10771040.Šešelgis, K. 1975, Rajoninio planavimo ir urbanistikos pagrindai, Vilnius: Mintis, 335 р.Verkulevičiūtė-Kriukienė, D., Bučienė, A., Čepienė, E. 2021, Depopulation of coastal rural Lithuania: do regional parks stabilise the situation?, Baltic region, vol. 13, № 2, p. 90—111, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2021-2-5.География мобильного интернета в приграничных регионах РоссииA. A.Mikhaylovahttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6807-6074D. V.Hvaleyhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9701-9442Digital transformation of socio-economic processes is the basis for sustainable development of regions in the digital age. The foundation for such a transformation is the information and communication infrastructure and, first of all, the mobile Internet. The technological growth of mobile networks has provided a rapid increase in the number of users around the world, contributing to further digitalization. With the development of digital technologies, research in the field of human geography has received a new impetus. The impact of the Internet on all spheres of life has necessitated a rethinking of the existing geographical approaches to the study of physical space and the emergence of a new object of research — digital space. On the one hand, the latter is closely connected with traditional institutions and systems. On the other hand, it is characterized by its own patterns of construction and functioning. The problem of delimiting the boundaries of cyberspace makes it difficult to manage digital processes taking into account territorially determined needs and interests, while the current socio-economic unevenness of regional development results in the digital divide. 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