NONE20260606220053762Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal Universityno-reply@balticregion.kantiana.ruImmanuel Kant Baltic Federal UniversityBaltic Region2079-85552310-052406062026132От редакторов060620264610.5922/2079-8555-2021-2-10https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/4916/30225/G.Rooshttps://orcid.org/http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0943-3585N. Ye.Kubinahttps://orcid.org/http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7786-9519Yu. Yu.Farafonovahttps://orcid.org/http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5996-1557The article explores opportunities for the sustainable economic development of coastal territories in the Baltic Sea region (BSR) arising in blue economy sectors in the framework of digital transformation. The study argues that a more active commercialisation of territorial resources can facilitate the sustainable economic development of the BSR coastal territories, following digitally-driven innovations. The paper provides an overview of methodological approaches to territorial sustainability. It also assesses the 2009—2018 level of the socio-economic development of the BSR coastal territories, underpins the importance of the blue economy and highlights the role of digital transformation in reaching the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the BSR through digitally-driven innovations. A comparative and problem-targeted statistics analyses show significant differences in the level and dynamics of socio-economic development in the BSR coastal territories with their GRP per capita being generally lower than the national or macroregional average. A review of literature on sustainable development in the BSR has shown that a more active use of unique resources of the coastal territories along with a technology-driven growth of blue economy sectors can counterbalance the negative impact of the territories’ uneven development on the progress towards the SDGs in the BSR. Increasing the competitiveness of the BSR coastal territories requires investment in digital solutions in the blue economy sectors and the creation of a communication infrastructure. The review of key innovations in the blue economy sectors shows that their implementation gives impetus to other industries by reducing costs, creating new jobs, and improving the quality of products and services.0606202672610.5922/2079-8555-2021-2-1https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/4916/30226/Simonyan, R. H. 2019, Russia-European union and Russian-Chinese borderlands: economic and demographic dimension, Balt. Reg., vol. 11, no. 3, p. 43—60. doi: 10.5922/2079-8555-2019-3-3.Stepanova, S. V., Shlapeko, E. A. 2018, Trends in the development of crossborder trade in the Russian-Finnish borderlands, Balt. 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Reg., vol. 9, no. 4., p. 4—20. doi: 10.5922/2079-8555-2017-4-1.Теоретические аспекты изучения факторов, влияющих на организацию рабочего и личного времениA.Apsītehttps://orcid.org/https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7551-9857Work-life balance (WLB) has gained noticeable attention amid the pandemic. Yet before the outbreak of COVID-19, the increasing pace of life encouraged investigations into individual and organisational aspects of WLB. Physically and mentally healthy people help society develop and grow, whilst health issues caused by work-life imbalance lead to dissatisfaction with work and life. This discontent results in stress and stress-related illnesses, such as burnout. From the organisational point of view, WLB is a factor in the efficiency of an enterprise. Intentional or unintentional absence, high employee turnover, low productivity, higher insurance costs, and low job satisfaction are amongst the consequences of work-life imbalance. WLB has also been examined as part of employer branding, which is coming to the fore as shortage of labour prompts organisations to look for strategies for attracting and retaining employees.This paper carries out content analysis to provide a theoretical framework for WLB and job satisfaction. It also offers a review of the literature on individual and organisational factors in WLB. Both groups of factors are found to be critical. These are job involvement, tenure, workload and scheduling, organisational culture (leadership, recreational opportunities, flexibility, supervisor support, autonomy, boundary management, alternative working methods etc.), occupational stress, and salary. In diverse fields, these factors have different weight.06062026526310.5922/2079-8555-2021-2-3https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/4916/30228/Kanai, A. 2009, Karoshi (Work to Death in Japan), Journal of Business Ethics, no. 84, p. 209—216. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-008-9701-8.Nishiyama, K., Johnson, J. V. 1997, Karoshi—Death from Overwork: Occupational Health Consequences of Japanese Production Management, International Journal of Health Services, vol. 27, no. 4, p. 625—641. doi: https://doi.org/10.2190/1JPC-679V-DYNT-HJ6G.Leiter, M. P., Maslach, C. 2003, Areas of Worklife: A Structured Approach to Organizational Predictors of Job Burnout, Emotional and Physiological Processes and Positive Intervention Strategies, no. 3, p. 91—134.Greenhaus, J. H., Collins, K. M., Shaw, J. D. 2003, The relation between work-family balance and quality of life, Journal of Vocational Behaviour, vol. 63, no. 3, p. 510—531.Frone, M. R. 2003, Work-family balance, Handbook of occupational health psychology, Washington, American Psychological Association, p. 143—162.Clark, S. C. 2000, Work/family border theory: A new theory of work/family balance, Human Relations, vol. 53, no. 6, p. 747—770.Clarke, M. C., Koch, L. C., Hill, E. J. 2004, The work and family interface: Differentiating balance and fit, Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, vol. 133, no. 2, p. 121—140.Burke, R. 2000, Do managerial men benefit from organisational values supporting work-personal life balance? Women in Management Review, vol. 15, no. 2, p. 81—87.McCarthy, A., Darcy, C., Grady, G. 2010, Work-life balance policy and practice: Understanding line manager attitudes and behaviors, Human Resource Management Review, no. 20, p. 158—167. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2009.12.001.9.Olivia, R. B., Bauer, G. F. 2018, Correlates of burnout symptoms among child care teachers. A multilevel modeling approach, European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, vol. 26, no. 1, p. 7—25. doi: 10.1080/1350293X.2018.1412012.Abdirahman, H., Hussein, I., Najeemdeen, I. S., Abidemi, B. T., Binti, R. 2018, The Relationship between Job Satisfaction, Work-Life Balance and Organizational Commitment on Employee Performance, IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM), vol. 20, no. 5, ver. VII, p. 76—81.Khanna, A., Yadav, R. 2014, Literature Review on Quality of Work Life and Their Dimensions, IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS), vol. 19, no. 9, ver. V, p. 71—80.Thimmapuram, J., Grim, R., Bell, T. et al. 2019, Factors Influencing Work-Life Balance in Physicians and Advance Practice Clinicians and the Effect of Heartfulness Meditation Conference on Burnout, Global Advances in Health and Medicine, no. 8, p. 1—8.Satyajit, D., Sujit, K. 2017, Impact of Occupational Stress on the Work Life Balance of Teaching Professionals in Higher Education with Special Reference to Bhubaneswar City, Odisha, Krishi Sanskriti Publications, Advances in economics and business management, vol. 4, no. 6, p. 357—361.Helmle, J. R., Botero, I. C., Seibold, D. R. 2014, Factors that influence perceptions of worklife balance in owners of copreneurial firms, Journal of Family Business Management, vol. 4, no. 2, p. 110—132. doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/JFBM-06-2014-0013.Grant, C. A., Wallace, L. M., Spurgeon, P. C. 2013, An exploration of the psychological factors affecting remote e‐worker’s job effectiveness, well‐being and work‐life balance, Employee Relations, vol. 35, no. 5, p. 527—546. doi: https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-08-2012-0059.Kossek, E. E., Lautsch, B. A., Eaton, S. C. 2006, Telecommuting, control, and boundary management: correlates of policy use and practice, job control, and work-family effectiveness, Journal of Vocational Behavior, vol. 68, no. 2, p. 347—367.Kossek, E. E., Ruderman, M. N., Braddy, P. W., Hannum, K. M. 2012, Work-nonwork boundary management profiles: a person centred approach, Journal of Vocational Behaviour, vol. 81, no. 1, p. 112—128.Wu, L., Rusyidi, B., Claiborne, N., McCarth,y M. L. 2013, Relationships between work—life balance and job-related factors among child welfare workers, Children and Youth Services Review, no. 35, p. 1447—1454.Mas-Machuca, M., Berbegal-Mirabent, J., Alegre, I. 2016, Work-life balance and its relationship with organizational pride and job satisfaction, Journal of Managerial Psychology, vol. 31, no. 2, p. 586—602. doi:https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-09-2014-0272.20.Eby, L. T., Casper, W. J., Lockwood, A., Bordeaux, C., Brindley, A. 2005, Work and family research in IO/OB: content analysis and review of literature (1980—2002), Journal of Vocational Behavior, vol. 66, no. 1, p. 124—197.Lok, P., Crawford, J. 2001, Antecedents of organizational commitment and the mediating role of job satisfaction, Journal of Managerial Psychology, vol. 16, no. 8, p. 594—613.Van Dick, R., Christ, O., Stellmacher, J., Wagner, U., Ahlswede, O., Grubba, C., Tissington, P. A. 2004, Should I stay or should I go? Explaining turnover intentions with organizational identification and job satisfaction, British Journal of Management, vol. 15, no. 4, p. 351—360.Современные тенденции формирования системы зеленого финансирования: методологический и практический аспектыV. V.AltuninaI. A.Alievahttps://orcid.org/https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1654-3371The concept of green growth and sustainable development is turning into a global ideology guiding the transformation of national economies. The focus is shifting from quantitative assessments of performance to rational choice conditions. Rationality is becoming the decisive factor behind sustainable green growth, and a change in the financial model that supports such growth may be needed. Therefore, the most urgent problems relating to sustainable growth are the transformation of the finance system, on the one hand, and the creation of a new financial paradigm based on the principles of responsible investment and corporate social responsibility, on the other. This study aims to consider the theoretical and practical aspects of creating a national green finance model ensuring sustainable growth in the Russian Federation. The development of a green finance mechanism and a green bond market in the Baltic Sea countries is analysed to determine national features and explore the possibility of translating the Baltic experience into practices usable in Russia. The research uses economic observations, economic description, structural and logical analysis, and systems analysis. Perhaps the most significant finding is the description of a methodological framework for sustainable development theory, as seen by major schools of economic thought. Studying the experience of the Baltic Sea countries in creating a new finance model of responsible investment helped detect national features and development priorities that can be used in Russia in devising the ideology, principles, and mechanism of green growth and sustainable growth financing.06062026648910.5922/2079-8555-2021-2-4https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/4916/30229/Brundtland, G. H. 1987, Our common future: Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development, Oxford, New York, Oxford University Press, 383 p.Nordhaus, W. D. 1977, Economic growth and climate: The case of carbon dioxide. The American Economic Review, vol. 67, no. 1, p. 341—346.Anderson, G. M. 1989, The butcher, the baker, and the policy-maker: Adam Smith on public choice, History of Political Economy, vol. 21, no. 4, p. 641—659.Blaug, M. 1986, Great economists before Keynes: an introduction to the lives and works of one hundred great economists of the past, Brighton, Wheatsheaf.Seidl, I., Tisdell, C. A. 1999, Carrying capacity reconsidered: from Malthus’ population theory to cultural carrying capacity, Ecological Economics, vol. 31, no. 3, p. 387—403.Victor, P. A. 2012, Growth, degrowth and climate change: A scenario analysis, Ecological Economics, vol. 84. P. 206—212. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.04.013.Blaug, M. 1994, Pigou’s Welfare Theory, Economic thought in Retrospect = Economic Theory in Retrospect, Moscow, Delo, vol. XVII, p. 551—553.Coase, R. H. 1960, The Problem of Social Cost, Journal of Law and Economics, no. 3, p. 1—44.Buchanan, J., Brennan, G. 1985, The Reason of Rules, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Buchanan, J., Tullock, G. 1962, The Calculus of Consent: Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy, Ann Arbor, University of Micigan Press, p.VlI.Acemoglu, D., Robinson, J. 2012, Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty, Crown Publishers, New York, 571 p.Yakovlev, I. A., Kabir, L. S., Nikulina, S. I., Rakov, I. D. 2017, Financing “green” economic growth: concepts, problems, approaches, Finansovyi zhurnal [Financial Journal], vol. 3, no. 37, p. 9—21 (in Russ).Shkiperova, G. T., Kurilo, A. E., Prokopyev, E. A. 2019, Development of the «green» economy: a comparative analysis of the regions of the North-West, Ekonomika i sotsium: sovremennye modeli razvitiya [Economy and society: modern models of development], vol. 9, no. 3, p. 344—364 (in Russ).Semenova, N. N., Eremina, O. I., Skvortsova, M. A. Green financing in Russia: Сurrent status and development prospects, Finansy: teoriya i praktika [Finance: Theory and Practice], vol. 24, no. 2, p. 39—49. doi: 10.26794/2587-5671-2020-24-2-39-49 (in Russ.).Yakovlev, I. A, Kabir, L. S. 2018, Mechanism of financing «green» investments as an element of the national strategy for financing sustainable development, Finansovyi zhurnal [Financial Journal], no. 3, p. 9—20 (in Russ).Yakovlev, I. A., Kabir, L. S., Rakov, I. D. 2017,“Green” investments in Russia: main trends, Ekonomika: teoriya i praktika [Economy: theory and practice], vol. 3, no. 47, p. 66—75 (in Russ).Bierman, F., Kanie, N., Kim, R. E. 2017, Global governance by goal-setting: The novel approach of the UN sustainable development goals, Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, vol. 2. p. 26—31. doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2017.01.010Rinne, J., Lyytimäki, J., Kautto, P. 2013, From sustainability to well-being: Lessons learned from the use of sustainable development indicators at national and EU level, Ecological Indicators, no. 35. p. 35—42. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2012.09.023.Banga, J. 2019, The green bond market: A potential source of climate finance for developing countries, Journal of Sustainable Finance and Investment, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 17—32. doi: 10.1080/20430795.2018.1498617.Zimmerman, R., Brenner, R., Abella, J. L. 2019, Green infrastructure financing as an imperative to achieve green goals, Climate, vol. 7, no. 3, p. 39—52. doi: 10.3390/cli7030039.Environmental Risk Analysis by Financial Institutions — a Review of Global Practice, 2016, An Input Paper for the G20 Green Finance Study Group, UNEP, available at: http://unepinquiry.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/2_Environmental_Risk_Analysis_by_Financial_Institutions.pdf (accessed 20.12.2020).Frolova, E. E. 2020, Green bonds in the Nordic countries: features of development and legal regulation, Journal of the Belarusian State University. Law, no. 4, p. 43—48. (in Russ.)Demirel, P., Li, Q. C., Rentocchini, F., Tamvada, J. P. 2019, Born to be green: New insights into the economics and management of green entrepreneurship, Small Business Economics, vol. 52, no. 4, p. 759—771. doi: 10.1007/ s11187-017-9933-zBogacheva, O., Smorodinov, O. 2018, Problems of “green” financing in the G20 countries, Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya [World Economy and International Relations], vol. 61, no. 10, p. 16—24. doi: 10.20542 / 0131-2227-2017-61-10-16-24 (in Russ.).Khudyakova, L. S. 2019, Creation of a sustainable financing system in the European Union, Mirovaya ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya [World Economy and International Relations], vol. 63, no. 7, p. 16—22. DOI:10.20542/0131-2227-2019-63-7-16-22 (in Russ.).Bokarev, A., Yakovlev, I., Kabir, L. 2017, “Green” investments in Russia: the search for priority areas, Finansovyi zhurnal [Financial Journal], vol. 6, no. 40, p. 40—49 (in Russ).Persson, T., Tabellini, G. 2000, Political Economics. Explaining Economic Policy, Cambridge, MIT Press, p. 564.D’Orazio, P., Popoyan, L. 2019, Fostering green investments and tackling climate-related financial risks: Which role for macroprudential policies? Ecological Economics, no. 160, p. 25—37. doi: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.01.029.Zademach, H.-M., Dichtl, J. 2016, Greening Finance and Financing the Green: Considerations and Observations on the Role of Finance in Energy Transitions. In: Jones, A., Ström, P., Hermelin, B. et al. (eds.) Services and the Green Economy, London, Palgrave Macmillan. doi: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-52710-3_7.Депопуляция прибрежных сельских районов Литвы — может ли демографическая ситуация стабилизироваться благодаря региональным паркам?D.Verkulevičiūtė-Kriukienėhttps://orcid.org/https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0675-1879A.Bučienėhttps://orcid.org/https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5700-5820E.Čepienėhttps://orcid.org/https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1536-2595Regional parks in Lithuania preserve the most valuable physical and cultural components of the landscape, NATURA 2000 habitats, etc. Usually, they are located in natural or semi-natural landscapes of rural areas. These territories, however, have a higher depopulation rate than urbanised districts. Still, conservation priority areas were expected to attract young families as permanent residents and make their population more stable. This study aims to investigate changes in the rural population in three regional parks of the Klaipėda county to determine the number of abandoned villages (with 0 residents) and vanishing ones (with a population < 5), as compared to territories with no conservation regime. The article examines migration as one of the determinants of depopulation. Analysis of national and local statistics, institutional documents, and structured interviews revealed that the conservation regime applied in regional parks did not necessarily encourage local people to stay or newcomers to arrive. Proximity to the sea and towns with developed social infrastructure remains a priority when looking for a residence in the countryside.060620269011110.5922/2079-8555-2021-2-5https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/4916/30230/Güler, K., Kâhya, Y. 2019, Developing an Approach for Conservation of Abandoned Rural Settlements in Turkey, ITU A|Z Journal of Faculty of Architecture, vol. 16, no. 1, p. 97—115, doi: https://doi.org/10.5505/itujfa.2019.48991.Martínez-Abraín, A., Jiménez, J., Jiménez, I., Ferrer, X., Llaneza, L., Ferrer, M., Palomero, G., Ballesteros, F., Galán, P., Oro, D. 2020, Ecological Consequences of Human Depopulation of Rural Areas on Wildlife: A Unifying Perspective, Biological Conservation, no. 252. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108860.Aleknavičius, P., Aleknavičius, M., Akelaitytė, S. 2014, Lietuvos kaimo gyvenamųjų vietovių pokyčių tyrimai [Research of Changes of Rural Residential areas in Lithuania], Journal of Architecture and Urbanism, vol. 38, no. 2, p. 161—172. doi: 10.3846/20297955.2014.924284 (in Lithuanian).Anokhin, A., Kropinova, E. 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Rural Development and Land Use, The Baltic University Programme, Uppsala University, p. 11—20, available at: http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:603529/FULLTEXT01.pdf (accessed 25 January 2021).Pedroli, B., Correia, T. P., Primdahl, J. 2016, Challenges for a Shared European Countryside of Uncertain Future. Towards a Modern Community-based Landscape Perspective, Landscape Research, vol. 41, no. 4, p. 450—460. doi: 10.1080/01426397.2016.1156072.Primdahl, J., Andersen, E., Swaffield, S., Kristensen, L. 2013, Intersecting Dynamics of Agricultural Structural Change and Urbanisation within European Rural Landscapes: Change Patterns and Policy Implications, Landscape Research, no. 38, p. 799—817.van Vliet, J., de Groot, H. L. F., Rietveld, P., Verburg, P. H. 2015, Manifestations and Underlying Drivers of Agricultural Land use Change in Europe, Landscape and Urban Planning, no. 133, p. 24—36. doi: 10.1016/j. landurbplan.2014.09.001.Woods, M. 2011, Rural geography: Processes, responses and experiences in rural restructuring, SAGE Publications Ltd. doi: https://www.doi.org/10.4135/9781446216415.Zariņa, A., Vinogradovs, I., Šķiņķis, P. 2018, Towards (dis)continuity of Agricultural Wetlands: Latvia’s Polder Landscapes after Soviet Productivism, Landscape Research, vol. 43, no. 3, p. 455—469. doi: 10.1080/01426397.2017.1316367.Hoffman, D. M. 2017, Parks, Proxies, and People Ideology, Epistemology, and the Measurement of Human Population Growth on Protected Area Edges. Environment and Society, Advances in Research, vol. 8, no 1., p. 161—179. doi: 10.3167/ares.2017.080108.Joppa, L. 2012, Population Change in and around Protected Areas, Journal of Ecological Anthropology, vol. 15, no. 1, p. 58—64. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/2162-4593.15.1.4.Anokhin, A., Kropinova, E. 2020, Principles of Sustainable Development for Rural Tourism Synergy, E3S Web of Conferences, vol. 208, no. 05017. doi: https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020805017.Kriaučiūnas, E. 2013, Lietuvos kaimo gyvenviečių tinklo kaitos ypatumai 1989—2011 metais, Kaimo raidos kryptys žinių visuomenėje [The Particularities of Lithuanian Rural Settlement Network Alternations during the Period 1989—2011. 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(in Lithuanian).Verkulevičiūtė-Kriukienė, D., Bučienė, A., Beteika, L. 2017, Changes in rural landscape status, functions and human factor: the case of transboundary Nemunas delta region, Area, Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers). doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/area.12383.Butkutė, J. 2014, Kaimo gyvenviečių ir gyventojų skaičiaus, lytinės sudėties kaita 2001—2011 metais, Geografija ir edukacija: mokslo almanachas [The variation of rural settlements and the number of residents as well as their composition by gender in 2001—2011, Geography and education: science almanac], no. 2, Vilnius, Lietuvos edukologijos universiteto leidykla, p. 21—34 (in Lithuanian).Jurevičienė, J. 2010, Kaimo kultūrinio kraštovaizdžio vertė, Urbanistika ir architektūra [Cultural Value of Agrarian Landscape, Town Planning and Architecture], vol. 34. no. 3, p. 113—119. doi: https://doi.org/10.3846/tpa.2010.11 (in Lithuanian).Muller, S. 2002, Appropriate Agricultural Management Practices Required to Ensure Conservation, Biodiversity of Environmentally Sensitive Grassland Sites Designated under Natura 2000, Agriculture, Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, no. 89, p. 261—266, available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167880901002353 (accessed 25 August 2021).Halada, L., Evans, D., Carlos Romão, C., Petersen, J-E. 2011, Which Habitats of European Importance Depend on Agricultural Practices? Biodiversity and Conservation, no. 20, p. 2365—2378. doi: 10.1007/s10531-011-9989-z.Lanier, P. 2014, The positive impacts of ecotourism in protected areas, WIT Transactions on Ecology and The Environment, no. 187, p. 199—209. doi:10.2495/ST140161.Minciu, R., Pădurean, M., Popescu, D., Hornoiu, R. 2012, Demand for Vacations / Travel in Protected Areas — Dimension of Tourists’ Ecological Behavior, Amfiteatru Economic Journal, no. 14 (31), p. 99—113, available at: https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/168749/1/aej-v14-i31-p099.pdf (accessed 26 January 2021).Ristića, D., Vukoičića, D., Milinčić, M. 2019, Tourism and sustainable development of rural settlements in protected areas — Example NP Кopaonik (Serbia), Land Use Policy, no. 89, 104231, available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104231 (accessed 30 March 2021).Stronza, A. L., Hunt, C. A., Fitzgerald, L. A. 2019, Ecotourism for Conservation?, Annual Review of Environment and Resources, no. 44, p. 229—5. doi: https://doi. org/10.1146/annurev-environ-101718-033046.Zolfani, S. H., Sedaghat, M., Maknoon, R., Zavadskas, E. K. 2015, Sustainable tourism: a comprehensive literature review on frameworks and applications, Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, vol. 28, no. 1, p. 1—30. doi: https://doi.org/ 10.1080/1331677X.2014.995895.Abduganiev, O. I., Abdurakhmanov, G. Z. 2020, Ecological Education for the Purposes Sustainable Development, The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations, no. 2 (8), p. 280—284. doi: https://doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/Volume02Issue08-45.Byström, J., Müller, D. K. 2014, Tourism labor market impacts of national parks. The case of Swedish Lapland, Zeitschrift für Wirtschaftsgeographie, vol. 58, no. 2—3, p. 115—126.Syssner, J., Meijer, M. 2017, Informal Planning in Depopulating Rural Areas. A Resource-based View on Informal Planning Practices, European Countryside, vol. 9, no. 3, p. 458—472. doi: 10.1515/euco-2017-0027.Burinskienė, M., Lazauskaitė, D. 2010, Mažų miestelių, bažnytkaimių, kaimo gyvenviečių perspektyvos. In: IV Lietuvos urbanistinis forumas, Urbanistinė drieka: miesto ir kaimo sandūra [Perspectives of small towns, church villages and rural settlements. 4th Lithuanian Urban Forum. Urban sprawl: the junction of urban and rural], p. 34—39, available at: http://dpakademija.lt/stor/uploads/2013/07/2010-UF-leidinys. pdf (accessed 7 August 2020) (in Lithuanian).Mickovic, B., Mijanovic, D., Spalevic, V., Skataric, G., Dudic, B. 2020, Contribution to the Analysis of Depopulation in Rural Areas of the Balkans: Case Study of the Municipality of Niksic, Montenegro, Sustainability, no. 12(8), p. 1—23. doi: 10.3390/su12083328.Mehnen, N., Mose, I., Strijker, D. 2013, Governance and Sense of Place: Half a Century of a German Nature Park, Environmental Policy and Governance, no. 23, p. 46—62. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.1592.Развитие геотуризма на основе использования геонаследия (на примере Куршской косы — объекта ЮНЕСКО)A. Yu.Anokhinhttps://orcid.org/https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5928-8051E. G.Kropinovahttps://orcid.org/https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6971-7275E.SpiriajevasRecreation in protected areas (PAs) has received special attention amid international travel restrictions. The conflict between the conservation and economic use of these territories is increasing. This work aims to find ways to optimise and modernise environmental outreach and recreation in national parks as a type of PAs. Geotourism is viewed here as a sustainable form of tourism bridging the gap between conservation and recreation. Several objectives have been attained to fulfil this aim. The first one was the analysis of the best practices of geotourism development in Pas; the second one was measuring the resource potential for diversifying ecotourism events in PAs; the third objective was designing an algorithm for creating a geological heritage-focused eco-trail, an innovative recreation product aimed at environmental education and community outreach. The authors view the methodology for geo-tour design as an example of heritage preservation and propose a new tourist trail — the Geological and Geomorphological Chronicle of the Baltic Sea. This tour acquaints sightseers with the nature of the Curonian Spit National Park, a unique geological and geomorphological feature whose landscapes are a product of centuries-long human-nature interactions. Twenty years ago, in 2000, the conservation area was listed by UNESCO as a place of considerable natural significance. The field studies were carried out as part of the international project Ecotour4Natur: Ecotourism as a Tool for the Preservation of Natural and Cultural Heritage within the Lithuania-Russia Cross-border Cooperation Programme 2014—2020. The developed algorithm for eco-trail design may benefit other national parks as well.0606202611212810.5922/2079-8555-2021-2-6https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/4916/30231/Hose, T. A. 2011, The English Origins of Geotourism (as a Vehicle for Geoconservation) and Their Relevance to Current Studies, Acta geographica Slovenica, vol. 51, no. 2, p. 343—359.Hose, T. A. 2012, Editorial: Geotourism and Geoconservation, Geoheritage, vol. 4, no. 1, p. 1—5.Hose, T. A., Marković, S. B., Komac, B., Zorn, M. 2011, Geotourism — a short introduction, Acta geographica Slovenica, vol. 51, no. 2, p. 339—342.Gray, M. 2004, Geodiversity. Valuing and Conserving Abiotic Nature, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK, available at: https://geoduma.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/geodiversity.pdf (accessed 10.03.2021).Gordon, J. E. 2018, Geoheritage, Geotourism and the Cultural Landscape: Enhancing the Visitor Experience and Promoting Geoconservation, Geosciences, vol. 8, no. 4, p. 136. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8040136.Dowling, R. K. 2013, Global Geotourism — An Emerging Form of Sustainable Tourism, Czech journal of tourism, vol. 2, no. 2. doi: https://doi.org/10.2478/cjot-2013-0004.Santangelo, N., Valente, E., 2020, Geoheritage and Geotourism Resources, Resources, vol. 9, no. 7, art. 80. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/resources9070080.Justice, S. C. 2018, UNESCO Global Geoparks, Geotourism and Communication of the Earth Sciences: A Case Study in the Chablais UNESCO Global Geopark, France, Geosciences, vol. 8, no. 5, art. 149. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences8050149.Becerra-Ramírez, R., Gosálvez, R. U., Escobar, E., González, E., Serrano-Patón, M., Guevara, D. 2020, Characterization and Geotourist Resources of the Campo de Calatrava Volcanic Region (Ciudad Real, Castilla-La Mancha, Spain) to Develop a UNESCO Global Geopark Project, Geosciences, vol. 10, no. 11, art. 441. doi: doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10110441.Zgłobicki, W., Kukiełka, S., Baran-Zgłobicka, B. 2020, Regional Geotourist Resources—Assessment and Management (A Case Study in SE Poland), Resources, vol. 9, no. 2, art. 18. doi: doi.org/10.3390/resources9020018.Badiali, F., Ilieş, D., Castaldini, D. 2018, A tale of a city, through its urban landscape and cultural heritage in the heart of Europe: the case study of Oradea city (Romania), GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, Year XI, no. 1, vol. 21, p.88—102.Chashina, B., Ramazanova, N., Atasoy, E., Berdenov, Zh., Ilieș, D. C. 2020, Natural recreation potential of the West Kazakhstan region of the Republic of Kazakhstan, GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites, vol. 32, no. 4, p. 1355—1361. doi: https://doi.org/10.30892/gtg.32424-580.Ardislamov, F. R. 2019, Geopark “Toratau”: geological heritage as an object of ecological tourism. In: Ardislamov, F. R., Lukashina, N. A., Tretyakova, E. A. (eds.) Trudy Kolskogo Nauchnogo Zentra RAN [Proceedings of the Kola Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences], vol. 10. no. 6—1, p. 25—32. doi: 10.25702/KSC.2307-5252.2019.6.003 (In Russ.).Soboleva, N. P. 2006, Comprehensive assessment of natural and socio-economic conditions of the Altai Republic for the purposes of geotourism, Geographia i prirodnye resursy [Geography and nature, resources], no. 2, p. 131—136 (In Russ.)Redkin, A. G., Otto, O. V. 2015, Geopark as a new direction of tourism development in the mountainous regions of the Altai Territory, Nauka i turism: strategii vzaimodeistvija [Science and tourism: interaction strategies], no. 4 (2), available at: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/geopark-kak-novoe-napravlenie-razvitiya-turizma-v-gornyh-rayonah-altayskogo-kraya (accessed 10.04.2021) (In Russ.).Ruban, D. A. 2017, Unique centers of geodiversity in Russia: some organizational and legal issues. In: Ruban, D. A. (ed.) Sovremennye problemy prava, economiki i upravlenijz, no. 1 (4), p. 126—130 (In Russ.)Ruban, D. A. 2021, Real and Promoted Aesthetic Properties of Geosites: New Empirical Evidence from SW Russia. In: Ruban, D. A., Yashalova, N. N. (eds.) Heritage, vol. 4, no 1. p. 160—170. doi 10.3390/heritage4010009.Ruban, D. A. 2012, Geoconservation organizations and management support for their effective activities in the context of the paradigm of the use of specially protected natural areas, Vestnik Taganrogskogo institute upravlenija i economiki [Bulletin of the Taganrog Institute on management and economics], no. 1, p. 19—24 (In Russ.)Shaplygina, T. V., Volkova, I. I. 2013, Natural and anthropogenic transformation of landscapes and relief of the Curonian and Vistula spits, Geomorphologia [Geomorphology], no. 1, p. 95—103 (In Russ.).Shaplygina, T. V., Volkova I. I. 2017, Geoecological aspects of recreational nature management in the Curonian Spit National Park. In: Problemy prirodopolsovanija, sokhranenija bioraznoobrazija I kulturnogo nasledija na osobo okhranjaemykh prirodnykh territorijakh Rossii, Materials of the Russian Sientific and Practical Jubelee conference, devoted to the 30th yeas Jubelee of the National park “Kurshskaja kosa/Curonian spit”, p. 128—134 (In Russ).Kropinova, E. G. 2017, The Reduction in the Beach Area as the Main Limiting Factor for Sustainable Tourism Development (Case for the Kaliningrad Oblast). In: Gritsenko, V. A., Sivkov, V. V., Yurov, A. V., Kostianoy, A. G. (eds.) Terrestrial and Inland Water Environment of the Kaliningrad Region. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol 65, Springer, Cham. doi: doi.org/10.1007/698_2017_113.Spiriajevas, E., Perminas, K., Locaitienė, V. 2020, Laivybos kliūčių šalinimo Kuršių mariose galimybių studija [Feasibility study for the removal of shipping barriers in the Curonian Lagoon], p. 190, available at: https://www.klaipedos-r.lt/index.php?2285236220) (accessed 10.04.2021) (In Lithuanian).Gutak, J. M. 2014, Regional Geological Heritage. In: Tiess, G., Majumder, T., Cameron, P. (eds.) Encyclopedia of Mineral and Energy Policy, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. doi: doi. org/10.1007/978-3-642-40871-7_10-1.Vaitkevičius, V., Baltrūnas, V. 2009, Lietuva: 101 įdomiausia vieta, [Lithuania: 101 most interesting places], Alma littera, p.313.Kilkus, K., Stonevičius, E. 2011, Lietuvos vandenų geografija [Geography of Lithuanian waters], VU, p. 184.Zhukovskaya, I. P., Kharin, G. S. Curonian spit — geological phenomena, Samarskaja Luka: problem regionalnoj i globalnoj ecologii, vol. 18, no. 4, p. 60—69, available at: https://www.elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_18075030_69281899.pdf (accessed 10.04.2021) (In Russ.).Burnashov, E. M., Karmanov, K. B. 2016, Deflation processes at the marine coast of the Curonian spit, Uchenye zapiski Rossijskogo gosudarstvennogo gidrometeo university [Scientific Notes of the Russian State Hydrometeorological University], no. 45, p. 180—191, available at: http://www.rshu. ru/university/notes/archive/issue45/uz45-180-191.pdf (accessed 10.04.2021) (In Russ.).Zotova, M. V., Sebentsov, A. B. 2017, Tourism and cultural heritage of the Kaliningrad region: ways and prospects of development. In: V focuse naslediyz [Focus on heritage], Collection of articles dedicated to the 80th anniversary of Yu. A. Vedenin and the 25th anniversary of the creation of the Russian Research Institute for Cultural and Natural Heritage named after D. S. Likhachev, Moscow, Federal State Budgetary Institution of Science Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences, p. 478—488.J.Skrobanekhttps://orcid.org/https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6714-8198SJobsthttps://orcid.org/https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0807-1933Until just a year ago, hardly anyone believed that the increasingly unrestrained growth in mobility could be so abruptly interrupted by a radical immobilisation of large population groups. Neither mobility studies nor other research fields had foreseen this kind of scenario in their mobility and migration models. And why should have they? In the past decades, the belief in unconstrained mobility, as well as the practice of mobility and its scientific modelling, relied on the idea of unbounded growth at the sub-national, national and supra-national level. The article focuses on immigration to Norway, showing how institutional constraints were used to deal with the spread of COVID-19 and how they affected immigration to the country.Due to complexity reasons, we focus exclusively on the situation of asylum seekers, giving additional attention to unaccompanied minors. These groups’ migration status is assumed to make them especially susceptible to the newly established immigration measures. Drawing upon a combined focus of data on migration regulations and asylum application statistics, we examine what impact mobility-related COVID-19 measures implemented in Norway since January 2020 had on asylum procedures, asylum mobility and asylum applications in Norway.0606202612914510.5922/2079-8555-2021-2-7https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/4917/30237/Urry, J. 2007, Mobilities, Cambridge, Polity Press.Spencer, S. 2011, The Migration Debate, University of Bristol, The Policy Press.Castles, S., Haas, H. D., Miller, M. J. 2013, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, 5th ed., Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan.Goldin, I., Cameron, G., Balarajan, M. 2011, Exeptional People. How Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Futur, Princeton, Princeton University Press.Ryazantsev, S. V., Molodikova, I. N. 2020, Guest Editor’s Introduction. New economic and migratory trends in the Baltic Sea region during the COVID-19 pandemic, Balt. Reg., vol. 12, no. 4, p. 4—9. doi: https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2020-4-1.Adey, P., Hannam, K., Sheller, M., Tyfield, D. 2021, Pandemic (Im)mobilities, Mobilities, vol. 16, no. 1 p. 1—19. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/17450101.2021.1872871.Jensen, O. B. 2021, Pandemic disruption, extended bodies, and elastic situations — Reflections on COVID-19 and Mobilities, Mobilities, vol. 16, no. 1, p. 66—80. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/17450101.2021.1867296.Cohen, J. H. 2020, Editorial: Modeling Migration, Insecurity and COVID-19, Migration Letters, vol. 17, no. 3, p. 405—409. doi: https://doi.org/10.33182/ml.v17i3.986.Chakraborty, I., Maity, P. 2020, COVID-19 outbreak: Migration, Effects on Society, Global Environment and Prevention, Science of The Total Environment, no. 728, 138882. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138882.Christensen, T., Lægreid P. 2020, Balancing Governance Capacity and Legitimacy: How the Norwegian Government Handled the COVID-19 Crisis as a High Performer / Public Administration Review, vol. 80, no. 5, p. 774—779. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13241.Schoefberger, I., Rango, M. 2020, COVID-19 and Migration in West and North Africa and Across the Mediterranean, Switzerland, available at: https://publications. iom. int/system/files/pdf/covid19-and-migration-in-west-and-north-africa. pdf (accessed 25.04.2020).Salazar, N. B. 2021, Existential vs. essential mobilities: insights from before, during and after a crisis, Mobilities, vol. 16, no. 1, p. 20—34. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/17450101.2020.1866320.Kluge, H. H. P., Jakab, Z., Bartovic, J. 2020, D’Anna, V., Severoni S. Refugee and Migrant Health in the COVID-19 Response, The Lancet, vol. 395, no. 10232, p. 1237—1239. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30791-1.Langfeldt Dahlback, M., Molnes, G., Skiphamn, S. S. 2020, Foreslår ikke ekstra hemmelighold for Koronakommisjonen — likevel, Faktisk, available at: https://www.faktisk.no/artikler/Glj/foreslar-ikke-ekstra-hemmelighold-for-koronakommisjonen-likevel (accessed 25.04.2020).Sirkeci I., Yucesahin M. M. Coronavirus and Migration: Analysis of Human Mobility and the Spread of Covid-19 // Migration Letters. 2020. Vol. 17, №2. Р. 379-398. doi:10.33182/ml.v17i2.935Gagnon, J. 2020, COVID-19: Consequences for International Migration and Development, OECD, available at: https://oecd-development-matters.org/2020/04/02/covid-19-consequences-for-international-migration-an... (accessed 25.04.2020).Rohe, K. 1994, Politik, Begriffe und Wirklichkeit, Stuttgart, Kohlhammer.Jahn, D. 2006, Einführung in die vergleichende Politikwissenschaft, Wiesbaden, VS Verlag.Møen, A. 2020, Den uverkelege verkelegheita. Den ekstraordinære koronapolitikken har utretta meir for miljøet på 14 dagar enn det miljørørsla har gjort over fleire tiår, Morgenbladet, 28.03.2020, available at: https://www.morgenbladet.no/ideer/kronikk/2020/03/28/den-uverkelege-verkelegheita/ (accessed 25.04.2020).Mayntz, R. 2009, Über Governance. Institutionen und Prozesse politischer Regelung, Frankfurt a/M, Campus Verlag.19.Mayntz, R. 1987, Politische Steuerung und gesellschaftliche Steuerungsprobleme — Anmerkungen zu einem theoretischen Paradigma. In: Ellwein, T. (ed.) Jahrbuch zur Staats- und Verwaltungswissenschaft, B. 1, p. 89—110, Baden-Baden, Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft.Русскоязычная иммиграция в Финляндию: новые формы, тенденции, последствияS. V.Ryazantsevhttps://orcid.org/https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5306-8875G. IGadzhimuradovaUntil the 1960s, Finland was more often the country of origin than the country of destination. Once a depressed area, it soon turned into a welfare state, becoming with international migrants. Since Finland’s labour market and society are beset with demographic problems, the country gladly accepts labour migrants, particularly those from neighbouring states. Most EU immigrants coming to Finland are Estonians. Immigration from without the EU — from Russia and other former Soviet countries — has, however, an even greater potential. Non-EU immigration falls into several categories — from seasonal labour migration to the relocation of top specialists and entrepreneurs. Currently, family reunions, marriages, and student and labour migration account for most migration from Russia to Finland. This article attempts to study immigration to Finland from neighbouring countries, primarily from Russia. The result of the study is an analysis of principal channels of international migration to Finland. These are family reunion, student migration, top specialist relocation, and the expansion of Russian business. Finland is in dire need of healthcare specialists, researchers, business development and IT specialists, and other professionals. For example, Russia-bordering Finnish regions lack upper and middle-level healthcare specialists. The focus of the study is on the professional and socio-demographic structure of labour migration to Finland and the country’s migration policy on the adaptation and integration of Russian-speaking immigrants. The article gives a general picture of Finland’s migration policy on labour migration from Russia and other countries. In collecting and processing materials, data from official websites of Finland’s Migration Service and Employment Service, the database of Statistics Finland, the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, and the Finnish National Agency for Education were used.0606202614616410.5922/2079-8555-2021-2-8https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/4917/30238/Iontsev, V. A., Ryazantsev, S. V., Iontseva, S. V. 2016, New trends and forms of emigration from Russia, Ekonomika regiona [Regional economy], vol. 12, no. 2, p. 499—509 (In Russ.).Stikhin, A., Rynkänen, T. 2017, Russian-Speaking Immigrant Teachers in Finnish Classrooms: Views and lived experiences in Finnish education, Nordic Journal of Migration Research, vol. 7, no. 4, p. 233—242. doi: http://doi.org/10.1515/njmr-2017-0019.Tiaynen-Qadir, T. 2016 Transnational Babushka: Grandmothers and Family-making between Russian Karelia and Finland. In: Horn, V., Schweppe, C. 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Kohtaamisissa kehittyviä käytäntöjä [The Welfare in the Everyday of Russian Immigrant Women Living on the Border], Tampere, Vastapaino, p.169—188.4.Alho, R., Helander, M. 2016, Foreign Seasonal Farm Workers’ Strategies at the Margins of the Finnish Welfare State: Informal networks and weak ties, Nordic Journal of Migration Research, vol. 6, no. 3, p. 148—157. doi: http://doi.org/10.1515/njmr-2016-0020.5.Brylka, A., Mähönen T. & Jasinskaja-Lahti, I., 2015, National identification and attitudes towards Russian immigrants in Finland: Investigating the role of perceived threats and gains, Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, no. 56, p. 670—677.Jasinskaja-Lahti, I. and Liebkind, K., 2001, Perceived discrimination and psychological adjustment among Russian-speaking immigrant adolescents in Finland, International Journal of Psychology, no. 36 (3), p. 174—185Eskelä, E., 2013, Migration decisions of skilled Migrants: International degree students in an offbeat destination, Nordic Journal of Migration Research, no. 3 (3), p. 145—152.Habti, D. 2019, What’s Driving Migrant Russian Physicians to Stay Permanently in Finland? 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