NONE20260610230519048Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal Universityno-reply@balticregion.kantiana.ruImmanuel Kant Baltic Federal UniversityBaltic Region2079-85552310-052406102026131Инновационная деятельность регионов Северо-западного федерального округа: сопоставительный оценочный анализA. TretyakovaE.https://orcid.org/https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9345-1040A. NoskovA.https://orcid.org/https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0704-0932Innovative activities underpin the economic development and competitiveness of Russian regions. This article seeks to compare the innovation performance of Russia’s north-western regions, which are among the most progressive in the country, and their available resource. A review of the literature suggests that most Russian publications combine systems of composite indices with econometric and statistical approaches to evaluate regional innovation performance. The same methods are employed in this study. Comparative analysis indicates significant differences between the regions in both available resource and innovation advancements. Juxtaposing composite resource availability indices and innovation performance aided in devising a typology of regions and analysing changes in the position in a composite evaluation matrix. The findings demonstrate that Saint Petersburg and the Leningrad region comfortably outperform the other northwestern regions in innovation. Regression and correlation analysis reveals that innovation performance depends crucially on earlier achievements and currently available resources. The Novgorod region, however, is making headway without a marked change in the level of resources. Thus, it is important to transfer innovations designed in resource-rich regions to their less well-off counterparts to achieve positive synergy throughout northwest Russia.0610202642210.5922/2079-8555-2021-1-1https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/4822/28595/Hodos, D. 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In: Mezinárodní kolokvium o regionálních vědách, Velké Bílovice, p. 177—184. doi: https://doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9268-2019-22.Noskov, A. A. 2019, Primenenie processnogo podhoda k ocenke innova-cionnogo razvitija regionov s uchetom vlijanija nauchno-innovacionnoj dejatel’nosti vuzov [Application of the process approach to assessing the innovative development of regions, taking into account the impact of scientific and innovative activities of universities], Perm, p. 25—26 (In Russ.).Kurochkin, A.V., Godunova, E.A. 2019, Factors of the effectiveness of the innovative development of the region in the context of digitalization (on the example of the Novgorod region), Voprosy innovacionnoj jekonomiki [Russian journal of innovation economics], vol. 9, no. 3, p. 865—874. doi: https://doi.org/10.18334/vinec.9.3.41002. (In Russ.).Mikhailova, A. A. 2017, Innovative security of the region: the problem of the formation of the innovation environment of the Kaliningrad region, Vestnik Baltijskogo federal’nogo universiteta im. I. Kanta. Ser.: Estestvennye i medicinskie nauki [Vestnik IKBFU. Natural and Medical sciences], no.4, p. 19—38 (In Russ.).Noskov, A. A., Tretyakova, E. A. 2017, Assessment of the impact of scientific and innovative activities of universities on the level of innovative development of regions, Drukerovskij vestnik [Drucker’s bulletin], no. 6 (20), p. 163—182. doi: https://doi.org/10.17213/2312-6469-2017-6-163—182 (In Russ.).Институциональный подход на пути к циклической экономике: случай Калининградской областиА. Е.Shastitkohttps://orcid.org/https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6713-069XК. А.Ionkinahttps://orcid.org/https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6333-7282O. A.Markovahttps://orcid.org/https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3512-6282A. N.Morozovhttps://orcid.org/https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5402-8023The article discusses possible reasons for the failure of Russia’s waste management industry reform and highlights the ownership blurring as a factor that may hinder the transition to a circular economy, which has been proposed as one of the outcomes of the reform. This study aims to address possible obstacles to transitioning to a circular economy in the Kaliningrad region. Methodologically, the study uses instruments of new institutional economics: by comparing discrete institutional alternatives for municipal solid waste (MSW) management, the authors propose incentive schemes that will likely stimulate the transition to a circular economy in the region. It is shown that, in Russia, the identification of the holder of the property right to waste is complicated. This can be a hindrance to effective MSW management. Moreover, objects handled by MSW management services may fall into different types, but at the same time, it is possible to transfer objects from one type to another. One of the ways to improve the exclusion of services of MSW utilization is the introduction of incentive tariffs. Low-rise housing in the Kaliningrad region makes it an ideal region for the introduction of such a scheme. When calculating the unsorted waste transport fee, a multiplier can be used to reduce the payment for waste-separating households. This can serve as an additional incentive for overcoming collective action problem in MSW collecting and sorting. To prevent social resistance to such a policy, incentive schemes should be implemented on a voluntary basis.06102026234710.5922/2079-8555-2021-1-2https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/4822/28596/Kaza, S., Yao, L., Bhada-Tata, P., Woerden, F. 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D. 2019, Improvement of state policy in the field of disposal of solid household (municipal) waste in the Leningrad region, Vestnik sovremennykh issledovanii [Bulletin of Contemporary Research], vol.3, no. 6, p. 16—24 (in Rus.).Reichenbach, J. 2008, Status and prospects of pay-as-you-throw in Europe-A review of pilot research and implementation studies, Waste Management, vol. 28, no. 12, p. 2809—2814.Morlok, J., Schoenberger, H., Styles, D., Galvez-Martos, J. L., Zeschmar-Lahl, B. 2017, The impact of pay-as-you-throw schemes on municipal solid waste management: The exemplar case of the county of Aschaffenburg, Germany, Resources, vol. 6, no. 8, p. 1—16.Brown, Z. 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C. 1996, Household responses for pricing garbage by the bag, American Economic Review, no. 86, p. 971—984.Holmstrom, B. 1982, Moral Hazard in Teams, The Bell Journal of Economics, vol. 13, no. 2, p. 324—340.Hölmstrom, B. 1979, Moral hazard and observability, Bell Journal of Economics, vol. 10, repr., no. 1, p. 74—91.Shastitko, A. E., Novaya institucional’naya ekonomicheskaya teoriya [New institutional economic theory], M, TEIS. (in Rus.).Esteban, J., Ray, D. 2001, Collective action and the group size paradox, American political science review, p. 663—672.Oliver, P. E., Marwell, G. 1988, The paradox of group size in collective action: A theory of the critical mass. II., American Sociological Review, p. 1—8.Пространственная структура и особенности развития поселений Санкт-Петербургской агломерацииS. S.Lachininskyhttps://orcid.org/https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0885-6992I. S.Sorokinhttps://orcid.org/https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9555-3294This article explores the spatial structure and development of settlements comprising the Saint Petersburg agglomeration. Previous studies and database sources, which were never used before (the Federal Tax Service [FTS] database and SPARK-Interfax), are analysed to reveal factors in the economic development of metropolitan areas as well as to understand how settlements develop in Russia’s second-largest city agglomeration. The borders and composition of the Saint Petersburg agglomeration are brought up to date. Examining the population size of the settlements helps locate the ‘growth belt’ of the agglomeration. Lists of major enterprises of the city and the region make it possible to identify patterns in the economic development of the study area. The SPARK-Interfax database aids in clarifying relationships between spatial elements of the agglomeration (its core and satellites) in the distribution of revenues of economic agents. Data on the location of the largest retail stores — shopping malls and hypermarkets — are used to identify the main centres of commerce in the Saint Petersburg agglomeration. A map chart has been drawn using 2GIS and Yandex Maps geoinformation services. An important step in agglomeration analysis is the identification of residential development hotspots. FTS data on property tax base are the main source of relevant information. FTS reports contain data on the number of residential buildings and units covered by the database. Further, FTS statistics is employed to trace income and job distribution across the study area. The current functions of settlement in the Saint Petersburg agglomeration have been determined. According to the findings, the spatial structure of the agglomeration has three groups of ‘backbone centres’. The agglomeration includes a core, a population growth area (‘growth belt’), commuting sources and recipients, and ‘backbone centres’.06102026486910.5922/2079-8555-2021-1-3https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/4823/28597/Fedorov, G.M. (ed.). 2019, Problemy ekonomicheskoi bezopasnosti regionov zapadnogo porubezh’ya Rossii [Problems of economic security of the regions of the western border of Russia], Kaliningrad, 267 p. (in Russ.).Lachininskii, S.S. 2018, Some aspects of economic security of Saint- Petersburg and the Leningrad region under conditions of geoeconomic uncertaint, Balt. 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(in Russ.).Samokhin, Yu.A., Leontyeva, A.L. 2015, Stimulating the processes of self-development of territorial socio-economic systems, Ekonomika Severo-Zapada: problemy i perspektivy razvitiya [Economy of the North-West: problems and development prospects], no. 3 (48), p. 87—103 (in Russ.).Saiensus, M. 2014, Analysis of innovative sustainability of socio-econonic systems, Socioeconomic Research Bulletin, no. 4 (55), p. 109—114.Tatarkin, A.I., Tatarkin, D. 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In: Regional’naya ekonomika i razvitie territorii [Regional economy and territorial development], Collection of scientific articles, St. Petersburg, p. 180—186 (in Russ.).Usanov, B.P. 2009, Spatial development, structural structure and features of the St. Petersburg agglomeration, Vestnik grazhdanskikh inzhenerov [Bulletin of Civil Engineers], no.2 (19), p. 6—10 (in Russ.).Zyukova, N.B. 2012, Evolution of concepts and models of functional and territorial development of urban agglomerations, Gradostroitel’stvo [Urban planning], no. 1, p. 47—50 (in Russ.).Aksenov, K.E., Brade, I. 2003, Transformational and post-transformational urban space: development of the tertiary sector of the economy in St. Petersburg, Krupnye goroda i vyzovy globalizatsii [Big cities and challenges of globalization], no. 1, p. 166—174 (in Russ.).Lappo, G.M. 1971, Trends in the development of settlement in the Moscow region, Voprosy geografii [Geography issues], no. 87 (in Russ.).Pertsik, E.N., Makhrova, A.G. 1988, Second-order agglomerations in the Moscow metropolitan region: development, boundaries, interconnections, Voprosy geografii [Geography issues], no. 131, p. 56—63 (in Russ.).Fujita, M., Ogawa, H. 1982, Multiple equilibria and structural transition of non-monocentric urban configurations, Regional Science and Urban Economics, vol. 12, no. 2, p.161—196. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0166—0462 (82) 90031-x.Heitz, A., Dablanc, L., Tavasszy, L. A. 2017, Logistics sprawl in monocentric and polycentric metropolitan areas: the cases of Paris, France, and the Randstad, the Netherlands, Region, vol. 4, no. 1, p. 93—107. doi: https://doi.org/10.18335/region.v4i1.158.Reznikov, I.L. 2017, Identifying the boundaries of the St. Petersburg urban agglomeration, Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Earth Sciences, no. 1, p. 89—107. doi: https://doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu07.2017.106 (in Russ.).Zakharova, Zh.Zh. 2015, Modern store formats, Sibirskii torgovo-ekonomicheskii zhurnal [Siberian trade and economic journal], no.2 (21), p. 17—21 (in Russ.).Makhrova, A.G., Kirillov, P.L., Bochkarev, A.N. 2019, Methodological approaches to the study of labor pendulum migration of the population. In: Baburin, V.L., Savoskul, M.S. (eds.) Teoreticheskie i metodicheskie podkhody v ekonomicheskoi i sotsial’noi geografii [Theoretical and methodological approaches in economic and social geography], collection of articles, Moscow, p. 96—114 (in Russ.).Makhrova, A.G., Kirillov, P.L., Bochkarev, A.N. 2016, Pendulum labor migrations of the population in the Moscow metropolitan area: experience in assessing flows using data from cellular operators, Regional’nye issledovaniya [Regional studies], no. № 3 (53), p. 71—82 (in Russ.).Makhrova, A.G., Babkin, R.A. 2018, Analysis of the pulsations of the settlement system of the Moscow agglomeration using data from cellular operators, Regional’nye issledovaniya [Regional studies], no. 2 (60), p. 68—78 (in Russ.).Ответ местных властей Литвы на первую волну COVID-19J.Dvorakhttps://orcid.org/https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1052-8741This article analyses the response of Lithuanian local authorities to the first wave of COVID-19 with a special focus on the economic support measures they took. The main goal of this in-depth study is to compare the economic response measures included in the action plans of Riga and Tallinn, two large Lithuanian municipal administrations, as well as to analyse the narrative developed in the two cities. The methodology of this research is based on the review of literature, the analysis of action plans, and a case study. The Vilnius and Klaipėda city municipalities adopted action plans to support residents and businesses. Although there are many measures the plans have in common, they differ in the context and scope of application. Municipalities are willing to grant exemptions from various fees and taxes. They have used innovative measures: Vilnius allowed the opening of outdoor cafes, the practice, which was observed by global media. According to the research findings, the actions of municipal authorities can be successful, as municipalities are closer to the residents and can respond to their needs and those of entrepreneurs more quickly and flexibly. 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A Hot Spot Governing a Pandemic Crisis, Public Administration Review, vol. 80, no. 5, p. 765—776. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/puar.13242.He, E. 20200, The Results of Europe’s Lockdown Experiment Are, Bloomberg Opinion, 20.05.2020, available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/graphics/2020-opinion-coronavirus-europe-lockdown-excess-deaths-recession/ (accessed 23.05. 2020).Raudla, R. 2020, Estonian response to COVID-19 pandemic: advantages of smallness, learning and cooperation, Revista de Administração Pública, 28.08.2020, available at: http://bibliotecadigital.fgv.br/ojs/index.php/rap/article/view/81779 (accessed 28.08. 2020).Navakas, N. 2020, Patvirtinti dar du koronaviruso atvejai, Verslo Zinious, 19.03.2020, available at: https://www.vz.lt/verslo-aplinka/2020/03/19/patvirtinti-dar-du-koronaviruso-atvejai (accessed 13.05.2020).Šimelevičienė, J. 2020, „Invegos“ vadovas K. 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The article deals with how local communities perceive the image of risks formed and reproduced via various communication channels. The structural context and the context of communication are taken into account. Another focus is on how this perception is affected by the type of community members’ cultural attitudes (according to Mary Douglas’s grid/group model). The space of categorical variables obtained through multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) aids in clustering the cases (respondents) as well as in testing theoretical assumptions for compliance with the findings. The communicative practices characteristic of all the clusters (classes of cases) are examined; the relationship between the structural organisation of groups, their cultural attitudes, their perception of environmental risks, and the performance of environmental agencies are explored. An evaluation of the comparative efficiency of different ways and means of risk communication with the identified groups is made. 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Humanities and social science], no. 2, p.106—117 (in Russ.).География въездного туризма и трансграничное туристско-рекреационное регионообразование в ШвецииA.Manakovhttps://orcid.org/https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3223-2688I.Krasilnikovahttps://orcid.org/https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0351-0327I.Ivanovhttps://orcid.org/https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4453-2052Sweden’s tourism industry stands out for its large contribution to the development of the national economy. The vast size of the country makes it possible to trace differences in incoming tourist flows from neighbouring countries. This circumstance accounts for the novelty of this study, which lies in viewing national tourism geography from the perspective of the theory of transboundary tourism-and-recreation region building. Interregional differences in the structure of incoming tourist flows help identify the country’s cross-border tourism-and-recreation regions and delineate their borders. This research employs statistical and cartographic methods. The incoming tourist flow to Sweden grew steadily until 2020. However, the Covid-19 crisis has led to a drastic reduction in the number of incoming tourists. Based on the 2019 statistics, the findings confirm the existence of a developed transboundary tourism-and-recreation mesoregion that brings together Germany, Denmark, and Sweden. The formation boasts strong tourist links. There are another five cross-border tourism-and-recreation mesoregions: Sweden-Norway-Denmark, Middle Sweden-Norway, Sweden-Norway-Finland, Middle Sweden-Finland, and South Sweden-Finland. The number of tourists visiting cross-border mesoregions indicates the degree of development of the latter.0610202610812310.5922/2079-8555-2021-1-6https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/4824/28600/Carson, D. A., Carson, D. 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N., Larson, M. 2016, Community-based tourism in practice: evidence from three coastal communities in Bohuslän, Sweden, Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series, no. 33, p. 71–78. doi: 10.1515/bog-2016-0025.Farsari, I. 2018, A structural approach to social representations of destination collaboration in Idre, Sweden, Annals of Tourism Research, no. 71, p. 1—12. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2018.02.006.Lundberg, E. 2017, The importance of tourism impacts for different local resident groups: A case study of a Swedish seaside destination, Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, vol. 6, no. 1, p. 46—55. doi: 10.1016/j.jdmm.2016.02.002.Hultman, J., Michael, H. C. 2012, Tourism place-making: Governance of Locality in Sweden, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 547—570. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2011.07.001.Van, E. N., Reijnders, S. 2016, Chasing sleuths and unravelling the metropolis: Analyzing the tourist experience of Sherlock Holmes’ London, Philip Marlowe’s Los Angeles and Lisbeth Salander’s Stockholm, Annals of Tourism Research, no. 57, p. 113—125.Kozlova, K. S. 2020, Development of educational tourism in Finland and Sweden. In: Nedelya nauki SPBPU. Materialy` nauchnoj konferencii s mezhdunarodny`m uchastiem [SPBPU Science Week. Materials of a scientific conference with international participation], p. 244—247 (In Russ.).Majorov, N. N. 2020, Development of sea ferry transportation in the Baltic Sea in the context of global trends, Sistemny`j analiz i logistika [System analysis and logistics], no. 1 (23), p. 65—73 (In Russ.).Sarancha, M. A. 2020, Assessing competitiveness of the Baltic states in tourism, Bal. Reg., vol. 12, no. 3, p. 147—166. doi: 10.5922/2079-8555-2020-3-9.Safina, S. S., Amosova, G. M. 2018, Modern features of the development of international tourism in the Nordic countries, Izvestiya Sankt-Peterburgskogo gosudarstvennogo e`konomicheskogo universiteta [Bulletin of the St. Petersburg State University of Economics], no. 4 (112), p. 38—43 (In Russ.).Kondratov, N. A. 2010, Prerequisites and current state of tourism in the Nordic countries: the geographical aspect. In: Geografiya i turizm. Sbornik nauchny`x trudov [Geography and tourism. Collection of scientific papers], Perm, p. 77—90 (In Russ.).Demidova, E. E. 2016, Metamorphoses of the polar city (on the example of Kiruna, Sweden). In: Mozaika gorodskix prostranstv: e`konomicheskie, social`ny`e, kul`turny`e i e`kologicheskie processy`. Sbornik materialov Vserossijskoj nauchnoj konferencii [Mosaic of urban spaces: economic, social, cultural and ecological processes. Collection of materials of the All-Russian scientific conference], Moscow, p. 126—131 (In Russ.).Samborskaya, V. 2020, Prospects for the development of tourism in the Baltic Sea region on the example of coastal regions of Sweden, Polish Journal of Science, no. 31—2 (31), p. 40—45 (In Russ.).Prokkola, E. -K. 2007, Cross-border Regionalization and Tourism Development at the Swedish-Finnish Border: “Destination Arctic Circle”, Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, vol. 7, no. 2, p. 120—138. doi: 10.1080/15022250701226022.Prokkola, E. -K. 2010, Borders in tourism: the transformation of the Swedish-Finnish border landscape, Current Issues in Tourism, vol. 13, no. 3, p. 223—238. doi: 10.1080/13683500902990528.Manakov, A. G., Chuchenkova, O. A., Ivanov, I. A. 2019, Geography of tourism in Estonia in the context of cross-border tourism and recreation region formation, Pskovskij regionologicheskij zhurnal [Pskov Journal of Regional Studies], no. 4 (40), p. 80—95. doi: 10.37490/S221979310010191-3 (In Russ.).Manakov, A. G., Kondrateva, S. V., Ivanov, I. A. 2020, The structure and geography of the distribution of the incoming tourist flow in Finland, Geograficheskij vestnik [Geographical Bulletin], no. 1(52), p. 165—176. doi: 10/17072/2079-7877-2020-1-165-176 (In Russ.).Ivanov, I. A., Mikhaylov, B. S. 2020, Structure and geography of the inbound tourist flow distribution in Norway, Pskovskij regionologicheskij zhurnal [Pskov Journal of Regional Studies], no. 4 (44), p.107—118. doi: 10.37490/S221979310011436-2 (In Russ.).Kropinova, E. G. 2016, Transgranichny`e turistsko-rekreacionny`e regiony` na Baltike [Transboundary tourist and recreational regions in the Baltic], Kaliningrad, Immanuel Kant Russian State University, 272 p (In Russ.).Manakov, A. G., Golomidova, E. S. 2018, Estimating the development of the Latvian-Estonian-Russian transboundary tourism and recreation region, Balt. Reg., vol. 10, no. 1, p. 130—141. doi: 10.5922/2079-8555-2018-1-8.Golomidova, E. S. 2019, Infrastructure of the Estonian part of transboundary touristic and recreational region “Setomaa”, Pskovskij regionologicheskij zhurnal [Pskov Journal of Regional Studies], no. 2 (38), p. 118—125. doi: 10.37490/S221979310012064-3 (In Russ.).Krasilnikova, I. N., Terenina, N. K. 2019, Pskov-Peipsi coast as a territory of cross-border tourism. In: Turizm i industriya gostepriimstva: sovremennoe sostoyanie i tendencii razvitiya. Materialy` Mezhdunarodnoj nauchnoj konferencii [Tourism and hospitality industry: current state and development trends. Materials of the International Scientific Conference], Pskov, p. 103—108 (In Russ.).Kondrateva (Stepanova), S. V. 2019, Factors of development of border tourism in related territories of Russia and Finland, Pskovskij regionologicheskij zhurnal [Pskov Journal of Regional Studies], no. 4 (40), p. 106—114. doi: 10.37490/S221979310011766-5 (In Russ.).Korneevets, V. S. 2010, Formirovanie transgranichny`x mezoregionov na Baltike [Formation of transboundary mesoregions in the Baltic], Kaliningrad, Immanuel Kant Russian State University, 80 p (In Russ.).Проектный подход в трансграничном туристско- рекреационном регионообразовании: карельское приграничьеS. V.Kondratevahttps://orcid.org/https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8832-9182This article considers international projects as a factor in building and developing transboundary tourism-and-recreation regions. The Karelian part of the Russian-Finnish border and the adjoining areas of Russia and Finland were the model site for the study. The research aims to measure the contribution of international projects run in 1990—2020 to transboundary region building in the Karelian borderlands. The analysis of 80 international municipal projects shows that they gave a boost to region building and development in the study area. Common trends and specific features of international projects carried out in Karelian municipalities have been identified in the context of transboundary tourism-and-recreation region building. The findings add to a comprehensive picture of how international tourism projects may forward the building and development of transboundary tourism-and-recreation regions. The results of the study can be used in research into international cooperation and tourism. The proposed approach may serve as a tool of a regional economic policy on tourism and thus broaden the scope of possible managerial decisions.0610202612413710.5922/2079-8555-2021-1-7https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/4824/28601/Kropinova, E. G. 2016, Transgranichnye turistsko-rekreatsionnye regiony na Baltike [Cross-border tourist and recreational regions in the Baltic. Kaliningrad], Kaliningrad, 272 p. (in Russ.).Manakov, A. G. 2017, Preconditions for the formation of the Latvian-Estonian-Russian cross-border tourism and recreation region, Pskovskii regionologicheskii zhurnal, no. 3 (31), p. 104—118 (in Russ.).Manakov, A. G., Golomidova, E. S. 2018, Cross-border tourist and recreational regions in the adjacent territories of Russia, Estonia and Latvia, Geograficheskii vestnik [Geographical Bulletin], no. 2 (45). 156—166 (in Russ.).Manakov, A. G., Golomidova, E. S. 2018, Estimating the Development of the Latvian-Estonian-Russian Transboundary Tourism and Recreation Region, Balt.Reg., no. 1 (10), p. 130-141. doi: 10.5922/2079-8555-2018-1-8.Manakov, S. V., Terenina, A. G., Kondrateva, N. K. 2020, Development of cross-border tourist and recreational regions on the Karelian section of the Russian-Finnish border, Balt. Reg., vol. 12, no. 2, p. 140-152. doi: 10.5922/2079-8555-2020-2-9.Manakov, A. G., Golomidova, E. S., Ivanov, I. A.2019, Assessment of the size of the tourist flow within the cross-border tourist and recreational regions in the north-western border of Russia, Izvestiya Russkogo geograficheskogo obshchestva [Bulletin of the Russian Geographical Society], no. 5 (151), p. 18—31 (in Russ.).Derendyaeva, T. M., Mukhina, G. A. 2015, Problems of bilateral tourism development and cross-border cooperation in the Baltic region, Vestnik Kaliningradskogo filiala Sankt-Peterburgskogo universiteta MVD Rossii [Bulletin of the Kaliningrad branch of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia], no. 2 (40), p. 142—144 (in Russ.).Studzieniecki, T. 2016, The development of cross-border cooperation in an EU macroregion — a case study of the Baltic Sea Region, Procedia Economics and Finance, no. 39, p. 235—241.Sebentsov, A. B., Kolosov, V. A., Zotova, M. V. 2016, Tourism and cross-border cooperation in the Kaliningrad region, Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 5: Geografiya [Moscow University Bulletin. Episode 5: Geography], no. 4, p. 64—72 (in Russ.).Pysz, J. K., Cargnin, A. P., Lemos, B., Rückert, A. 2020, The Assessment of the INTERREG VA Program: Support for the Polish-Slovak Cross-Border Projects.In: Cross-Border Cooperation (CBC) Strategies for Sustainable Development. doi: 10.4018/978-1-7998-2513-5.ch003.Shorokhov, E. A., Gromov, V. V., Chervyakov, O. V., Shlyamin, V. A. Shorokhov E. A., Gromov V. V., Chervyakov O. V., Shlyamin V. A. 2001, Mezhdunarodnyi opyt razvitiya turizma v rossiiskoi chasti Barentseva Evro-Arkticheskogo regiona [International experience in tourism development in the Russian part of the Barents Euro-Arctic region], Petrozavodsk, 23 p. (in Russ.).Pankratova, A. I. 2018, Study of cross-border cooperation projects aimed at developing the hospitality industry in the Baltic region, Rossiiskie regiony: vzglyad v budushchee [Russian regions: a look into the future], vol. 5, no. 4, p. 83—92 (in Russ.).Makkonen, T., Williams, A., Weidenfeld, A., Kaisto, V. 2018, Cross-border knowledge transfer and innovation in the European neighbourhood: tourism cooperation at the Finnish-Russian border, Tourism management, no. 68, p. 140—151.Stoffelen, A. 2018, Tourism trails as tools for cross-border integration: A best practice case study of the Vennbahn cycling route, Annals of Tourism Research, no. 73, p. 91—102.Shekov, V. A. 2015, Geological and mining-industrial heritage of Karelia, Finland. Draft Cross-Border Cooperation Program ENPI CBC “Karelia” KA 334 “Mining road”, Trudy Karel’skogo nauchnogo tsentra RAN [Proceedings of the Karelian Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences], no. 7 ,p. 205—210 (in Russ.).Stepanova, S. V. 2017, Cross-Border Tourist Routes: The Potential of Russia’s North- West, Balt. Reg., vol. 9, no. 4, p. 97—112. doi: 10.5922/2079-8555-2017-4-7.Nenonen, J. K., Stepanova, S. V. 2018, Geological tourism development in the Finnish-Russian borderland: the case of the cross-border geological route «Mining Road», Acta Geoturistica, vol. 9, no. 1, p. 23-29. doi: 10.1515/agta-2018-0003.Amurova, M., Zaitseva, N. A. 2016, Directions for the development of health-improving tourism in resort areas based on the implementation of cross-border cooperation projects in the Baltic region, Ekonomika i sotsium [Economy and society], no. 5-1 (24), p. 132—135 (in Russ.).Kropinova, E. G. 2020, The Role of Tourism in Cross-Border Region Formation in the Baltic Region. In: Fedorov, G., Druzhinin, A., Golubeva, E., Subetto, D., Palmowski, T. (eds) Baltic Region — The Region of Cooperation, Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences, Springer, Cham. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-14519-4_10.Nilsson, J. H., Eskilsson, L., Ek, R. 2010, Creating Cross-Border Destinations: Interreg Programmes and Regionalisation in the Baltic Sea Area, Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, no. 2 (10), p. 153-172. doi: 10.1080/15022250903561978.Korneevets, V. S., Kropinova, E. G. 2010, The program of cross-border cooperation “Lithuania - Poland - Russia” for 2007-2013 in the formation of the cross-border tourism region of the South-Eastern Baltic and ensuring sustainable development of the territory, Vestnik Rossiiskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. I. Kanta. Vyp. 7. [Bulletin of the. I. Kant Russian State University, Vol. 7.], p. 152—156 (in Russ.).Kropinova, E. G. 2014, Project “Crossroads 2.0” in the formation of a cross-border tourism region of the South-Eastern Baltic, Pskovskii regionologicheksii zhurnal, no. 17, p. 53—59 (in Russ.).Prokkola, E.-K. 2007, Cross-border Regionalization and Tourism Development at the Swedish-Finnish Border: “Destination Arctic Circle”, Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, vol. 7, no. 2, p. 120-138. doi: 10.1080/15022250701226022.Palmowski, T., Fedorov, G.M. 2020, The potential for development of Russian-Polish cross-border region, Geography, Environment, Sustainability, no. 13 (1), p. 21—28.Więckowski, M., Cerić, D. 2016, Evolving tourism on the Baltic Sea coast: perspectives on change in the Polish maritime borderland, Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, vol. 16, no. 1, p. 98-111. doi: 10.1080/15022250.2016.1244598.Sologub, A. P. 2015, Intergovernmental cooperation in the Baltic Sea region: the role of international project activities in the design of the region, V mire nauchnykh otkrytii [In the world of scientific discovery], no. 37, p. 3191—3211 (in Russ.).Björk, P., Virtanen, H. 2005,What Tourism Project Managers Need to Know about Co-operation Facilitators, Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, vol. 5, no. 3, p. 212-230. doi: 10.1080/15022250510014354.Shepherd, J., Ioannides, D. 2020, Useful funds, disappointing framework: tourism stakeholder experiences of INTERREG, Scandinavian Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, vol. 20, no. 5, p. 485-502. doi: 10.1080/15022250.2020.1792339.Stepanova, S. V. 2019, Tourism development in border areas: a benefit or a burden? The case of Karelia, Balt. reg., no. 2, p. 94-111. doi: 10.5922/2079-8555-2019-2-6.Stepanova, S. V. 2019, The Northern Ladoga region as a prospective tourist destination in the Russian-Finnish borderland: Historical, cultural, ecological and economic aspects, Geographia Polonica, vol. 92, no. 4, p. 409—428. doi: https://doi.org/10.7163/GPol.0156.Стратегия Европейского союза для региона Балтийского моря и ее реализацияT.Palmowskihttps://orcid.org/https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1644-7945The sea and inland hinterland of Baltic Europe form a unique macro-regional unit. Strong collaboration links, and competition in the Baltic Sea region, are an inherent feature of the region from the beginning of its civilization development. Since 2004, the Baltic Sea has become an internal sea of the European Union. This fact no doubt strengthened the cooperation of the countries in the region. In many spheres, these ties take the form of networking. The EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region is an important stimulus for further integrations. The objective of the article is to identify changing trends and the structural transformation in the Baltic integration process instigated by the implementation of this strategy. The document contains common goals, which strengthen cooperation and draw on the Baltic Sea potential. Three main pillars are outlined in the Strategy: marine protection, better interconnection of the region and growing prosperity. The essence of cooperation involves joint development plans on various levels: governmental, regional and local with the participation of research institutions, regional cooperation infrastructure, operational programmes, as well as the private sector. Political stabilisation and economic development may transform, in a longer time span, the emerging transnational Baltic Europe into a new economic and cultural European centre. The choice of research methodology applied in the study derives from the nature of collected data, i.e. literature regarding scientific accomplishments in the Baltic cooperation, analysis of working documents and reports drawn up by public institutions, the European Commission, and EU national and regional strategic documents.0610202613815210.5922/2079-8555-2021-1-8https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/4825/28602/Palmowski, T. (ed.) 2006, Europa Bałtycka. Od idei do rzeczywistości, Regiony Nadmorskie, no. 10, Gdańsk, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego.Łoboda, J. 1978, Region jako system: próba określenia funkcji odległości i czasu, Przegląd Geograficzny, no. L2, p. 223—234.Isard, W. 1959, General theory: social, political, economic andregional, Mass.M.I.T. Press, Cambridge.Chojnicki, Z. 1996, Region w ujęciu geograficzno-systemowym. In: Czyż, T (ed.) Podstawy regionalizacji geograficznej, Bogucki Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Poznań.Cloke, P., Philo, C., S adler, D. 1991, Approaching human geography: an introduction to contemporary theoretical debates, Paul Chapman, London.Dziewoński, K. 1967, Teoria regionu ekonomicznego, Przegląd Geograficzny, T. XXXIX, zeszyt 1, p. 33—50.Palmowski, T. 2000, Rola regionów transgranicznych w procesie integracji Europy Bałtyckiej, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego, Gdańsk.Veggeland, N. 1994, Building the Baltic Sea Region in a New Europe, The Baltic Sea Region, Freiburg.Fedorov, G., Druzhinin, A., Golubeva, E., Subetto, D., Palmowski, T. (eds.) 2020, Baltic Region — The Region of Cooperation, Springer, Springer Proceedings in Eaeth and Environmental Sciences, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.Törnquist-Plewa, B. 2015, Czy region bałtycki ma własną tożsamość? Herito, no. 20, p. 104—113.Słomczyńska, I. 2014, Strategie makroregionalne Unii Europejskiej jako instrument zarządzania wielopoziomowego, Zeszyty Natolińskie, no. 60, Centrum Europejskie Natolin, Warszawa.Zaleski, J. 1993, Razem czy osobno? Przyczynek do koncepcji bałtyckiej wspólnoty regionalnej, CUP, Biuro Planowania Regionalnego z siedzibą w Gdańsku, Sopot.Grosse T.G. 2010, Strategia UE dla Regionu Morza Bałtyckiego: Nowy typ regionalizacji, europeizacji i geopolityki. In: Parteka, T. (ed.), Wymiar europejski Regionu Morza Bałtyckiego, Studia KPZK PAN, Tom CXXIX, Warszawa, p. 39—58.Toptsidou, M., Böhme, K. 2018, EUSBSR after 2020: Governance remastered? Final report, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Estonia and Interreg Baltic Sea Region, Publication for the preparation of the EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region 9th Annual Forum, The European Union Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region, available at https://www. balticsea-region-strategy.eu/attachments/article/591006/EUSBSR-after2020_Governance-Remastered_FinalReport.pdf (accessed 12.10.2020)Medeiros, E. 2018, Theoretical and Empirical Approaches to the Process and Impacts of Cross-Border and Transnational Cooperation in Europe, The Urban Book Series, Springer, Cham, p. 269.Mirwaldt, K., McMaster, I., Bachtler, J. 2011, The Concept of Macro-Regions: Practice and Prospects, European Policy Research Paper, no. 76, Glasgow, GB, EPRC University of Strathclyde.Zaucha, J. 2010, Od strategii VASAB do strategii Unii Europejskiej dla Regionu Bałtyckiego, Ekonomiczne Problemy Usług, no. 49, p. 115—137.Zaucha, J. 2007, Wyzwania i szanse dla pomorskich beneficjentów w ramach Europejskiej Współpracy Terytorialnej 2007—2013. In: Pactwa, T. (ed.) Od Inicjatywy INTERREG do Europejskiej Współpracy Terytorialnej. Doświadczenia Pomorskie, seria „Pomorskie Studia Regionalne UMWP”, Gdańsk, p. 122—133.Gänzle, S. 2018, Experimental Union and the Baltic Sea cooperation: the case of the European Union’s Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region (EUSBSR), Regional Studies, Regional Science, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 340. https://doi.org/10.1080/21681376.2018.1532315.Zaucha, J. 2013, Programming development of the Baltic Sea Region, Studia Regionalia, no. 35, p.178—190.Zaucha, J., Pyć, D., Böhme, K., Neumann, L., Aziewicz, D. 2020, EU macro-regional strategies for the Baltic Sea Region after 2020. A nutshell of beauty and possibilities, EUROPA XXI, no. 38, p. 5—30. https://doi.org/10.7163/Eu21.2020.38.1.Jóźwiak, V., Raś, K. 2019, Have we delivered? In: 10 Years of the EU Strategy for the Baltic Sea region: Impact and Outcomes, The Polish Institute of International Affairs (PISM), Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Poland, p.14—23.Palmowski, T., Pacuk, M., Tarkowski, M. 2018, The emergence of Baltic Europe: an of Polish research on regional integration, Quaestiones Geographicae, vol. 37, no. 2, p. 47—60. doi: 10.2478/quageo-2018-0013.Переходный процесс и институты: к вопросу об уровне жизни в странах Центрально-Восточной Европы — членах Европейского СоюзаI.V.Pilipenkohttps://orcid.org/https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8108-7253The aim of this article is to adjust the technique of comparing the standard of living in 11 countries of Central and Eastern Europe that became members of the European Union (EU) during 2004-2013 (EU-11) and 15 countries of Western, Northern and Southern Europe – member states of the EU by 1995 (EU-15). We reveal that outright home ownership in the EU-11 countries exceeds on average 75%, while almost two-thirds of households in the EU-15 countries have a mortgage or pay rent spending on housing on average up to one quarter of their income. Despite 30 years of transition to a market economy, the EU-11 countries largely inherited such home ownership structure from the centrally planned economy institutions, i.e. individually-owned and cooperative housing, as well as subsidized state-owned housing stock that became the private property of tenants at the start of market reforms. We propose a technique of taking into account households’ income and housing costs (mortgage and rent) in one indicator given the current home ownership structure in an economy. After the purchasing power parity (PPP) adjustment, our calculations reveal that the standard of living disparities between the EU-11 and EU-15 states are less significant than when compared at nominal prices or PPP alone. Moreover, the disparity in average living standards between these two groups of countries turns out to be narrower than cross-regional differences within seven EU member states at the Eurostat’s NUTS 2 level.0610202615317910.5922/2079-8555-2021-1-9https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/4825/28603/Åslund, A. 2012, How Capitalism Was Built: The Transformation of Central and Eastern Europe, Russia, the Caucasus, and Central Asia, 2nd ed., New York, Cambridge University Press.Kornai, J. 2006, The Great Transformation of Central and Eastern Europe: success and disillusionment, Rossiya i sovremennyj mir [Russian and the Contemporary World], no. 2, p. 7—47 (In Russ.)Brien, S. 2019, Central and Eastern Europe Prosperity Report: the Lived Experience, Legatum Institute, available at: https://li.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/2019-Central-and-Eastern-Europe-Prosperity-Report.pdf (accessed 30.07.2020).Svejnar, J. 2002, Transition Economies: Performance and Challenges, Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 16. no. 1, p. 3—28.Kolodko, G. 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M. 2006, Market transformation in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe: accumulated experience, Obshchestvo i ekonomika [Society and Economy], no. 5, p. 122—167 (In Russ.)Shishelina, L. N. 2019, Some results of three decades of transformation in Central Europe. Sovremennaya Evropa [Contemporary Europe], no. 6, p. 48—56. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope620194856 (In Russ.)Gromyko, A. A., Fedorov, V. P. (eds.) 2019, Evropa mezhdu trekh okeanov [Europe between three oceans], Moscow, IE RAS (In Russ.).Orlik, I. I. 2009, Central and Eastern Europe: from COMECON to European Union, Novaya i novejshaya istoriya [Modern and Contemporary History], no. 2, p. 3—20 (In Russ.).Umerova, I. A. 2009, Regionalization in terms of globalization: competitiveness factors of Central and East European countries, RUDN Journal of Economics, no. 1, p. 52—59 (In Russ.).Knyazev, Yu. K., Kulikova, N. 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