NONE20261009225329237Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal Universityno-reply@balticregion.kantiana.ruImmanuel Kant Baltic Federal UniversityBaltic Region2079-85552310-052410092026182Пространственные особенности обеспечения экономической безопасности анклавных (эксклавных) территорийK.Yu.VoloshenkoImmanuel Kant Baltic Federal UniversityI.A.MayburovUral Federal University named after the first President of Russia B. N. YeltsinThe article examines the spatial characteristics of economic security in enclave and exclave territories as a distinct type of region characterised by territorial fragmentation, institutional dependence, and constrained economic connectivity. The relevance of this work is driven by increasing geopolitical instability, growing cross-border restrictions, and the increased vul­nerability of enclaves to external shocks and crises. A comparative analysis of a sample of enclave (exclave) territories identifies key conditions for their economic securi­ty, including financial support from the “mother state”, transportation accessibility, and the specifics of their economic regimes. It is shown that these factors play a compensating role but do not eliminate structural constraints to development. The paper proposes a conceptual framework for understanding the distinctive nature of economic security in enclave and ex­clave territories through a system of attributes that capture their dual role as both sources of opportunities and sources of constraints. The “enclave effect” is substantiated, manifesting itself in increased vulnerability, dependence on external conditions, and the formation of per­sistent structural imbalances. Using the Kaliningrad region as an example, the spatial chara­cteristics of eco­nomic security are revealed, allowing for consideration of regional specifics when developing sustainable development strategies. The study concludes that it is necessary to assess the spatial characteristics of enclave (exclave) economic security when developing a strategy for ensuring it and substantiating an economic development model. The study’s results expand the theoretical understanding of regional economic security and have practical implications for public policy.1009202642510.5922/2079-8555-2026-2-1https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/16091/95263/Klemeshev, A. P., Vorozheina, Ya. A. 2024, Exclavity of the Kaliningrad region: experience of explication, Baltic Region, vol. 16, № 2, p. 4—17 (in Russ.), EDN: ZEFQWP, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2024-2-1Stephen, A. R., Yenda, H. 2024, Human Security and Separatist Movement in Angola: A Study of Cabinda Enclave, International Journal of Academic and Applied Research (IJAAR), vol. 8, № 2, p. 66—74.Rizkiyani, H. M., Trismadi, T., Supriyadi, A. A., Widodo, P., Saragih, H. J. R., Suwarno, P. 2025, Geopolitical Dynamics of Maritime Security in the Strait of Hormuz, International Journal of Humanities Education and Social Sciences (IJHESS), vol. 4, № 6, p. 2536-2543, EDN: MPXYBQ, https://doi.org/10.55227/ijhess.v4i6.1351Stryukovatyy, V. V., Mezhevich, N. M., Zverev, Yu. M. 2025, The Baltic region as a ‘grey zone’: balancing on the brink of armed conflict, Baltic Region, vol. 17, № 4, p. 26—48 (in Russ.), EDN: DGMSVC, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2025-4-2Ahn, Y.-J., Toshpulatov, A., Jumakhanov, Sh., Koriyev, M., Juraev, Z. 2025, Geopolitical isolation and development in Uzbekistan’s Sokh Enclave, GeoJournal, vol. 90, № 117, EDN: FERPQJ, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-025-11372-yBorthakur, A. 2017, An analysis of the conflict in the Ferghana valley, Asian Affairs, vol. 48, № 2, p. 334—350, https://doi.org/10.1080/03068374.2017.1313591Marino, A., Hategekimana, V. 2025, Framing Migration and Migrants Through Border Crises: The Case of Ceuta and Melilla, Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies, vol. 23, № 3, p. 384—403, EDN: UAGLME, https://doi.org/10.1080/15562948.2025.2460615Bono, F., Stoffelen, A. 2022, Bottom-up Geopolitics and Everyday Brexits at the Gibraltar-Spain Border, Geopolitics, vol. 27, № 5, p. 1528—1551, EDN: EVTMIY, https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2020.1860941Voloshenko, K. Yu. 2024, Economic security as a driver of Russian exclave development in alignment with national interests, Baltic region, vol. 16, № 4, p. 31—50 (in Russ.), EDN: WYXUKY, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2024-4-2Klemeshev, A. P., Vorozheina, Ya. A., Fedorov, G. M., Tarasov, I. N., Zverev, Yu. M., Gumenyuk, I. S., Gumenyuk, L. G., Kuznetsova, T. Yu., Mikhailova, A. A., Voloshenko, K. Yu., Lyalina, A. V., Novikova, A. A., Peker, I. Yu. (ed.). 2021, Realities, risks, and challenges of developing for Russia’s exclave region in the Baltic Sea amid geopolitical shifts, Kaliningrad, 44 p. (in Russ.), EDN: YZNSSIFedorov, G. M. 2020, On the economic security of Russia’s Kaliningrad exclave, Baltic Region, vol. 12, № 3, p. 40—54 (in Russ.), EDN: WLZQWT, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2020-3-3Fedorov, G. M. (ed.). 2020, Western frontier of Russia: Modelling of development and provision of economic security, Kaliningrad, 319 p. (in Russ.), EDN: JOANPDFedorov, G. M. (ed.). 2019, Problems of economic security in Russia’s western border regions, Kaliningrad, 267 p. (in Russ.), EDN: LJKKFASebentsov, A. B., Zotova, M. V. 2018, The Kaliningrad Region: Challenges of the Exclave Position and the Ways to Offset Them, Baltic Region, vol. 10, № 1, p. 89—106 (in Russ.), EDN: YXHKAG, https://doi.org/10.5922/2074-9848-2018-1-6Klemeshev, A. P. (ed.). 2025, Current infrastructure security issues in Russia’s coastal exclave, Kaliningrad, 98 p. (in Russ.), EDN: BEVKAYFedorov, G. M., Voloshenko, K. Yu., Mikhailova, A. A., Novikova, A. A. 2024, Current issues of economic, demographic, food, innovation and foreign trade economic security of the Kaliningrad region, Kaliningrad, 111 p. (in Russ.), EDN: JLEPQLFedorov, G. M., Voloshenko, K. Yu., Zhdanov, V. P. 2023, Development Strategy and Economic Security of the Kaliningrad Region, Kaliningrad, 72 p. (in Russ.), EDN: YJLJWDGumenyuk, I. 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I. 2013, Functional and geopolitical approaches to managing the economically safe development of border regions, National Interests: Priorities and Security, vol. 9, № 35 (224), p. 57—60 (in Russ.), EDN: RBJGVZPolozkov, M., Epifanova, N. 2015, Modern threats to the economic security of the border regions, Public Administration, № 1 (93), p. 88—92 (in Russ.), EDN: TNDOWNMezhevich, N. M., Tkachev, S. A. 2017, Cross-border cooperation: a new position in system of factors of regional development of the North-West Russia, Corporate governance and innovative economic development of the North: Bulletin of the Research Center of Corporate Law, Management and Venture Capital of Syktyvkar State University, № 1, p. 69—74 (in Russ.), EDN: YMAAFDMoshkov, A. V. 2019, Factors of sustainable development of the territorial and sectoral structure of the regions of the coastal zone of Pacific Russia, Regionalistics, vol. 6, № 4, p. 14—31 (in Russ.), EDN: ZAQFFT, https://doi.org/10.14530/reg.2019.4.14Fedorov, G. M. (ed.). 2021, Challenges and Prospects for the Development of the Kaliningrad Region: Geopolitics and Geoeconomics, Kaliningrad, 183 p. (in Russ.), EDN: DUBKAWZverev, Yu. M. 2003, Kaliningrad region in the classification of enclave territories of the world, Kaliningrad, 28 p. (in Russ.).Vinokurov, E. Yu. 2007, A Theory of Enclaves, Kaliningrad, 342 p. (in Russ.).Novosseloff, A. 2025, Enclaves of the World. Travels through geographical oddities, London, 406 p.Балтийский регион в современной политике безопасности Польши: стратегические оценки и реагированиеI. IZhukovskyPrimakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Russian Academy of Scienceshttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8689-3898For the first time in Russian academic discourse, the article examines strategic assessments of the Baltic region’s role in Poland’s contemporary security policy, drawing on institutional and situational analysis as well as elements of scenario modelling. These assessments serve as the basis for military and diplomatic initiatives and adjustments to strategic planning in the deve­lopment and modernisation of the armed forces. Building on strategic foreign and se­curity policy documents, a corpus of legislative acts, and statements by Poland’s political and military leadership, the author reconstructs the hierarchy of priorities underpinning Poland’s contemporary security policy. The findings reveal a marked increase in the significance of the Baltic region within Poland’s security policy since the escalation of the international political crisis in 2022. This trend is reflected in the systematic adaptation of state institutions to the prospect of conducting autonomous operations in the Baltic region. Consistent efforts have been undertaken to strengthen national defence capabilities, with particular emphasis on the de­velopment of a regional Baltic security architecture. The study contributes to a deeper under­standing of subregional security dynamics in the Baltic Sea region and has practical relevance for foreign and security policy planning institutions in the Russian Federation.10092026264610.5922/2079-8555-2026-2-2https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/16091/95265/Zhukovsky, I. I. 2024, The model of international relations in the Baltic sea region: political shifts and current challenges, Baltic Region, vol. 16, № 4, p. 145—160, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2024-4-7Mezhevich, N. М. 2025, Baltika: guarantees of danger, International Affairs, № 8, p. 62—69 (in Russ.), EDN: CWJGORZverev, Yu. M., Stryukovatyy, V. V. 2025, Russia and NATO: the confrontation in the Baltic: an information and analytical report, Kaliningrad, 144 p. (in Russ.), EDN: SCSFVLPavlova, M. S., Timofeev, P. P. 2025, The Nancy treaty: friendship without commitment?, Baltic Region, vol. 17, № 4, p. 49—67, EDN: EAFOLL, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2025-4-3Bespalov, A. S. 2007, Poland’s eastern policy after 1989, Russia and the contemporary world, № 2 (55), p. 52—69 (in Russ.), EDN: HZVPLZOfitserov-Bel’skiy, D. 2023, Poland’s Eastern Policy: Conceptual Foundations and Practical Aspects, Russia and New States of Eurasia, № IV(LXI), p. 51—61 (in Russ.), EDN: DDALCL, https://doi.org/10.20542/2073-4786-2023-4-51-61Buzan, B., Wæver, O. 2003, Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Kovalev, A. A., Balashov, A. I. 2018, The Military Security of the Baltic Region and the NATO Military Infrastructure Approximating the Border of the Russian Federation, National Interests: Priorities and Security, vol. 14, № 6 (363), p. 1151—1165 (in Russ.), EDN: XQBRGP, https://doi.org/10.24891/ni.14.6.1151Korejba, J. V. 2011, The Conceptual Basis of Polish Foreign Policy towards Post soviet States in Europe, MGIMO Review of International Relations, № 6 (21), p. 234— 240 (in Russ.), EDN: ONJXFP, https://doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2011-6-21-234-240Dovzhik, N. R. 2014, Binarism of national security strategies in Poland, Izvestia Ural federal university journal. Series 3, Social and political sciences, № 2, p. 91—99 (in Russ.), EDN: SHVDTLChernova, A. V. 2013, Poland’s “Eastern policy”: from “Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus” to the “Eastern partnership”, MGIMO Review of International Relations, № 6 (33), p. 15—24 (in Russ.), EDN: RQDLWZ, https://doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2013-6-33-15-24Kaczmarczyk, B., Wiśniewski, B. 2017, The Essence of the Strategy and System of Security of the Republic of Poland. Theoretical and Practical Considerations (Part I). Security Dimensions, vol. 24, № 24, p. 108—119, https://doi.org/10.24356/SD/24/6Koziej, S. 2012, 25 lat polskiej strategii bezpieczeństwa, Bezpieczeństwo Narodowe, № I (21), p. 11—40.Minkina, M. 2011, Evolution of the Perception of Threats to the Security of the Republic of Poland in Polish Strategic Documents, The Journal of Slavic Military Studies, vol. 24, № 4, p. 621—647, https://doi.org/10.1080/13518046.2011.624466Zieba, R. 2020, Poland’s Foreign and Security Policy: Problems of Compatibility with the Changing International Order, Springer Cham, 289 p., EDN: ISUYXA, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30697-7Trunov, Ph. O. 2024, Strengthening of ground forces as an indicator of Poland’s foreign policy priorities, Scientific and Analytical Herald of the Institute of Europe RAS, № 3, p. 31—41 (in Russ.), EDN: DJEYHT, https://doi.org/10.15211/vestnikieran320243141Ovcharuk, A. P. 2024, NATO militarisation of the Baltic region and risks to security of Russia, Vestnik of Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University. Series: Humanities and social science, № 4, p. 89—102 (in Russ.), EDN: FKFTKI, https://doi.org/10.5922/vestnikhum-2024-4-8Kuvaldin, S. A. 2024, Constant Warsaw Value, Russia in Global Affairs, vol. 22, № 4 (128), р. 98—108 (in Russ.), EDN: EINUWJ, https://doi.org/10.31278/1810-6439-2024-22-4-98-108Zverev, Yu. M. 2024, Build-up and modernization of the armed forces of Poland, Lithuania and other NATO countries around the Kaliningrad region: information and analytical report, Kaliningrad, 68 p. (in Russ.), EDN: BXAHVZVoitolovsky, F. G., Kislitsyn, S. V. (eds.). 2025, Baltic Region: Trends and Risks in Socio-Economic Development and International Security: report Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 47 p. (in Russ.).Barynkin, A. V., Mezhevich, N. M. 2025, A Test of Strength: Polish Atlanticism in the Face of Geopolitical Uncertainty, Contemporary Europe, № 4 (132), p. 126—136 (in Russ.), EDN: FJLQZH, https://doi.org/10.7868/S3034599525040114Bieńczyk-Missala, A. 2025, Poland’s Foreign Policy Choices in a Changing International Environment, in: Baxter, P. M. (ed.), Examining Perspectives of Small-to-Medium Powers in Emergent Great Power Competition. Palgrave Studies in Global Security, Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-86901-3_5Bharti, S. S. 2024, The Ukraine crisis: Poland as a strategic crossroad in Eastern Europe, Eastern Journal of European Studies, vol. 15, № 1, p. 324—344, EDN: HSYTMR, https://doi.org/10.47743//ejes-2024-0114Jureńczyk, Ł. 2023, Changing the Importance of Poland in the Security Policy of the United States in the Context of the war in Ukraine, Przegląd Politologiczny, № 1, p. 53—64, EDN: SWPXPZ, https://doi.org/10.14746/pp.2022.28.1.4Zhukovskiy, I. I. 2025, Vneshnepoliticheskie otsenki i strategii v izbiratel’nykh programmakh kandidatov na post prezidenta Pol’shi v 2025 g., Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 12: Politicheskie nauki, № 1, p. 107—128, EDN: VQENUX, doi: 10.55959/MSU0868-4871-12-2025-3-1-107-128Loshkariov, I. D., Kuchuk, A. V. 2022, Poland’s Strategic Culture: Variations and Their Reflection in Official Discourse, Contemporary Europe, № 4 (111), p. 37—49 (in Russ.), EDN: GJHMDO, https://doi.org/10.31857/S0201708322040039Doroshenko, I. S. 2025, Evolution of Sweden and Finland’s Military Policy in the Arctic and Accession to NATO, Comparative Politics Russia, vol. 16, № 2, p. 124—145 (in Russ.), EDN: RVLNYS, https://doi.org/10.46272/2221-3279-2025-2-16-10Gudev, P. A., Ofitserov-Belsky, D. V. 2025, Protection and militarization of undersea infrastructure in the Baltic Sea: problem discourse, legal aspects, and practical steps, Pathways to Peace and Security, № 1 (68), p. 87—105 (in Russ.), EDN: BKOZZA, https://doi.org/10.20542/2307-1494-2025-1-87-105Dudzińska, K. 2025, Bezpieczeństwo infrastruktury krytycznej w regionie Morza Bałtyckiego, Biuletyn PISM, № 5 (3008).Nowak, Z. (ed.). 2024, Czy morze pomoże? Bałtyk a bezpieczeństwo energetyczne Polski, № 2, p. 70.Международно-правовые аспекты реализации свободы судоходства и хозяйственной деятельности в Балтийском мореV. V.VoynikovMGIMO UniversityImmanuel Kant Baltic Federal Universityhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1495-3227I. V.DykhanovImmanuel Kant Baltic Federal Universityhttps://orcid.org/0009-0003-5340-9256Freedom of navigation and the peaceful use of maritime spaces are among the most complex issues in contemporary international maritime law, as they involve the interests of states, economic actors, and international organisations. These issues have gained particular relevance in the twenty-first century in the context of growing geopolitical tensions and the increasing use of hybrid methods in interstate confrontation. Their consequences are especially evident in the Baltic Sea, where incidents involving damage to underwater infrastructure, acts of sabotage, vessel detentions, and restrictions affecting navigation and economic activity have become increasingly frequent. This article aims to examine the legal nature of restrictions on navigation and economic activities in the Baltic Sea and to identify possible legal approaches to overcoming them. To achieve this objective, the authors analyse the international legal framework governing maritime space, freedom of navigation, and economic activity at sea. Particular attention is paid to the assessment of incidents involving vessel detentions and damage to underwater infrastructure in the Baltic Sea, as well as to the legal implications of these developments for the exercise of navigational rights and maritime economic activities. The study concludes that, despite the unprecedented level of political tension in the region, the law of the sea remains the principal legal framework governing navigation and economic activity in the Baltic Sea. It continues to provide the normative basis for balancing the interests of coastal states and other users of maritime spaces and remains the primary mechanism for regulating maritime relations in the region.10092026476510.5922/2079-8555-2026-2-3https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/16091/95269/Lebedeva, O. 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V. 2023, International Legal Problems of Establishing a Genuine Link between the Ship and the Flag State: the Triumph of Formalism over Content?, HSE University Journal of International Law, vol. 1, № 2, p. 54—71 (in Russ.), EDN: JXQUMN, https://doi.org/10.17323/jil.2023.18189Kuznietsov, S. 2021, The “Genuine link” Concept: Is It Possible to Enhance the Strength?, Lex Portus, vol. 7, № 6, p. 65—89, EDN: TIWOZZ, https://doi.org/10.26886/2524-101X.7.6.2021.3Lewis, A. 2015, Flag Verification on the High Seas: Understanding Requirements for Masters and Commanders, The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, vol. 30, № 2, p. 335—360, https://doi.org/10.1163/15718085-12341352Boklan, D. S., Koval, V. V. 2024. Unilateral Sanctions under International Law and Effectiveness of Blocking, Moscow Journal of International Law, № 1, р. 6—23, EDN: MLJGHG, https://doi.org/10.24833/0869-0049-2024-1-6-23Schmidt, Ju. 2022, The Legality of Unilateral Extra-territorial Sanctions under International Law, Journal of Conflict and Security Law, vol. 27, № 1, p. 53—81, EDN: ZKPOMM, https://doi.org/10.1093/jcsl/krac005Norris, A. 2025. Rudderless and Adrift: States’ Unwarranted Timidity Respecting Stateless Vessels, International Law Studies, vol. 106, p. 102—115.Lewis, R. 2025. The ‘Constitution for the Oceans’? The Law of the Sea Convention as a Living Treaty, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, vol. 74, № 1, p. 1—31, EDN: GHQIXX, https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020589325000120Ringbom, H. 2025, New Threats—Old Rules: Law of the Sea Issues Raised by Suspected Attacks on Submarine Infrastructure in the Baltic Sea, Ocean Development & International Law, vol. 56, № 3, p. 390—414, EDN: JXCHVB, https://doi.org/10.1080/00908320.2025.2534621Kolesnikova, M. L. 2026, EU’s 2026 initiatives to ensure the security of submarine cables: Baltic-Scandinavian macroregion, Analytical papers of the Institute of Europe RAS, № 1 (45), p. 73—81 (in Russ.), EDN: QUPOHU, https://doi.org/10.15211/analytics11020267381Lott, A. 2025, Conventional Jurisdictional Approaches to Protecting Submarine Cables and Pipelines, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, vol. 74, № S1, p. 63—84, EDN: JPNVZF, https://doi.org/10.1017/s0020589325101164Sun, Z. 2025, Coastal State Rights and the Freedom of the Laying of Submarine Cables and Pipelines, in: Sun, Z. (ed.), Finding a Balance in the Exclusive Economic Zone: Conflict and Stability in the Law of the Sea, Cambridge, p. 142—198, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009471329Pedrozo, P. 2025, Safeguarding Submarine Cables and Pipelines in Times of Peace and War, International Law Studies, vol. 106, p. 44—65.Gudev, P. A., Polivach, A. P. 2025, Everyone, come out of the shadow!, Russia in Global Affairs, vol. 23, № 4 (134), p. 70—88 (in Russ.), EDN: UYDNSC, https://doi.org/10.31278/1810-6439-2025-23-4-70-88Gudev, P. A., Ofitserov-Belsky, D. V. 2025, Protection and militarization of undersea infrastructure in the Baltic Sea: problem discourse, legal aspects, and practical steps, Pathways to Peace and Security, № 1 (68), p. 87—105 (in Russ.), EDN: BKOZZA, https://doi.org/10.20542/2307-1494-2025-1-87-105Mashevskaya, L. A., Harin, G. S., Eroshenko, D. V., Zhukovskaya, I. P. 2015, Exaration origin of the Central Baltic basins and the role of glacial material in the formation of minerals in the Kaliningrad region, in: Zhukovskaya, I. P., Poplavskaya, L. G., Shidlovskaya, Yu. A. (eds.), Problems of Explore and Conservation Natural and Cultural Heritage of the Curonian Spit National Park: collection of scientific articles, Kaliningrad, p. 92—105 (in Russ.), EDN: YJEYWLYaltanets, I. M., Myaskov, A. V., Drobadenko, V. P., Pastikhin, D. V. 2018, Issues of seabed and ocean floor solid mineral deposits development, Hydraulic engineering construction, № 11, p. 8—15 (in Russ.), EDN: YOYMVVKolesnikova, M. L. 2024, Possible risks for Russian fishing industry in the Baltic Sea (the EU aspect), Analytical papers of IE RAS, № 26 (358), p. 28—35 (in Russ.), EDN: ISXHFZ, https://doi.org/10.15211/analytics42620242835Yezhova, T. G. 2012, EU-Russia Cooperation in the Baltic Sea Marine Environment Protection, IKBFU’s Vestnik, № 3, p. 166—173 (in Russ.), EDN: OWMTCFMinin, V. B. 2020, Towards a New HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan, AgroEcoEngineering, № 1, p. 108—122 (in Russ.), EDN: NUOIAY, https://doi.org/10.24411/0131-5226-2020-10260Kulakovskaya, V. A. 2025, Improving the management of transboundary water bodies on the example of the Baltic Sea, International Journal of Management Theory and Practice, № 10, p. 34—45 (in Russ.), EDN: XLAVECЭволюция политики США в отношении Гренландии: военно-стратегические и дипломатические аспекты (1941—1968)V. V.VorotnikovMGIMO Universityhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3374-5677K. O.GalkinMGIMO Universityhttps://orcid.org/0009-0000-7092-8822The article examines the formation and evolution of the U.S. policy toward Greenland between 1941 and 1968. The purpose of the study is to identify how Greenland’s place in American foreign policy and defence planning evolved over time, as well as to determine the role of interagency coordination in shaping Washington’s policy toward Greenland. The research is based on declassified archival materials from U.S. foreign policy, intelligence, and military agencies, many of which are introduced into scholarly circulation for the first time. These materials make it possible to trace the relationship between U.S. strategic objectives, the dynamics of bilateral relations with Denmark, and the development of Arctic infrastructure. The study finds that Greenland’s significance for the United States gradually extended beyond the requirements of local defence and became part of a broader strategy of containing the Soviet Union. It demonstrates that, at different stages, Washington combined diplomatic flexibility with a persistent commitment to maintaining a long-term military presence on the island. Particular attention is paid to the changing functions of American military infrastructure in Greenland as nuclear strategy, delivery systems, and early-warning capabilities evolved. The article concludes that U.S. policy toward Greenland was shaped not by a single factor but by a combination of strategic, diplomatic, and institutional interests. It further argues that the crisis surrounding the American military presence in 1968, triggered by the crash of a U.S. bomber carrying nuclear weapons, revealed the limitations of the previous model of bilateral cooperation.10092026669410.5922/2079-8555-2026-2-4https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/16091/95273/Petersen, N. 1998, The H. C. Hansen Paper and Nuclear Weapons in Greenland, Scandinavian Journal of History, vol. 23, № 1—2, p. 21—44, https://doi.org/10.1080/03468759850116007Petersen, N. 2011, SAC at Thule: Greenland in the U. S. Polar Strategy, Journal of Cold War Studies, vol. 13, № 2, p. 90—115, https://doi.org/10.1162/JCWS_a_00138Fischer, K. 1993, The Modernization of the US Radar Installation at Thule, Greenland, Journal of Peace Research, vol. 30, № 1, p. 7—20, EDN: JNXMLV, https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343393030001002Archer, C. 1988, The United States Defence Areas in Greenland, Cooperation and Conflict, № 3, p. 123—144, EDN: JQRCQT, https://doi.org/10.1177/001083 678802300302Archer, C. 2003, Greenland, US Bases and Missile Defence: New Two-Level Negotiations?, Cooperation and Conflict, vol. 38, № 2, p. 125—147, EDN: JQRHDR, https://doi.org/10.1177/0010836703038002003Moody, W. S. 1996, Building a Strategic Air Force, 1945—1953, Washington, DC, Air Force History and Museums Program, 400 p.Farquhar, J. T. 2014, Arctic Linchpin: The Polar Concept in American Air Atomic Strategy, 1946—1948, Air Power History, vol. 61, № 4, p. 34—45.Meilinger, P. S. 2014, Getting to the Target: The Penetration Problem in Strategic Air Command during the 1950s, Air Power History, vol. 61, № 3, p. 38—49.Petersen, N. 2013, The Politics of US Military Research in Greenland in the Early Cold War, Centarus, vol. 55, № 3, p. 294—318, https://doi.org/10.1111/1600-0498.12023Doel, R. E., Harper, K. C., Heymann, M. (eds.). 2016, Exploring Greenland: Cold War Science and Technology on Ice (Palgrave Studies in the History of Science and Technology), Cham, Palgrave Macmillan, 324 p., https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59688-8Olesen, T. 2011, Tango for Thule: The Dilemmas and Limits of the ‘Neither Confirm nor Deny’ Doctrine in Danish-American Relations, 1957—1968, Journal of Cold War Studies, vol. 13, № 2, p. 116—147, https://doi.org/10.1162/JCWS_a_00108Olesen, T. 2013, Between Facts and Fiction: Greenland and the Question of Sovereignty 1945—1954, New Global Studies, vol. 7, № 2, p. 117—128, https://doi.org/10.1515/ngs-2013-012Leitenberg, M. 2018, The Hazards of Operations Involving Nuclear Weapons during the Cold War, Journal of Cold War Studies, vol. 20, № 3, p. 207—249, https://doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00826Fenenko, A. V. 2011, Military-political aspects of the Russian-American relations in the Arctic: past and present, Moscow University Bulletin of World Politics, № 2, p. 129—157 (in Russ.), EDN: NXPDFZMikhalenko, V. N. 2020, Exploring Arctic glaciers during the Cold War: continuation of the story, Ice and Snow, vol. 60, № 2, p. 285—294 (in Russ.), EDN: KPOBCQ, https://doi.org/10.31857/S2076673420020041Putnam, R. D. 1988, Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games, International Organization, vol. 42, № 3, p. 427—460.Emelyantseva, M. O. 2014, Greenlandic issues in Danish-us relations in the 40s of XX century, Vestnik RUDN. International Relations, № 1, p. 104—111, EDN: RYCAXNGleditsch, N. P. 1985, Europe’s Northern Region between the Superpowers, Bulletin of Peace Proposals, vol. 16, № 4, p. 399—411, https://doi.org/10.1177/096701068501600409Weiss, E. D. 2001, Cold War Under the Ice: The Army’s Bid for a Long-Range Nuclear Role, 1959—1963, Journal of Cold War Studies, vol. 3, № 3, p. 31—58, https://doi.org/10.1162/152039701750419501Nielsen, K. H., Nielsen, H., Martin-Nielsen, J. 2014, City under the Ice: The Closed World of Camp Century in Cold War Culture, Science as Culture, vol. 23, № 4, p. 443—464, https://doi.org/10.1080/09505431.2014.884063Suslov, D., Kashin, V. 2022, Arctic as a New Playground for Great Power Competition: The Russia—China—United States Triangle, in: Likhacheva, A. (ed.), Arctic Fever, Singapore, p. 3—30.Puranen, M., Kopra, S. 2023, China’s Arctic Strategy — A Comprehensive Approach in a Changing Geopolitical Environment, Scandinavian Journal of Military Studies, vol. 6, № 1, p. 276—291, EDN: ORQVYK, https://doi.org/10.31374/sjms.196Konyshev, V. N., Sergunin, A. A. 2024, On the New US Military Strategy in the Arctic, Arctic and North, № 57, p. 226—243 (in Russ.), EDN: GEHTHS, https://doi.org/10.37482/issn2221-2698.2024.57.226Sharikov, P. A. 2026, US claims to Greenland in the context of transatlantic relations, Nauchno-analiticheskij vestnik IE RAN, № 1 (49), p. 24—36 (in Russ.), EDN: DRPSKC, https://doi.org/10.15211/vestnikieran120262436Lasserre, F. 2025, Pourquoi Donald Trump veut-il acheter le Groenland?, Hérodote, № 2 (197), p. 7—19, EDN: VICWHC, https://doi.org/10.3917/her.197.0007Olesen, M. R. 2025, Dansk-amerikanske relationer under Trump og Biden 2017—2025, Internasjonal Politikk, vol. 83, № 2, p. 220—233, EDN: CGMIXT, https://doi.org/10.23865/intpol.v83.7054Ackrén, M., Jakobsen, U. 2015, Greenland as a Self-Governing Sub-National Territory in International Relations: Past, Current and Future Perspectives, Polar Record, vol. 51, № 4, p. 404— 412, EDN: YDAYHM, https://doi.org/10.1017/S003224741400028XOlsvig, S. 2024, Odd Couples’ Win-Sets: Maintaining U. S. Basing Rights Through New Two-Level Game Negotiations With Greenland, Scandinavian Journal of Military Studies, vol. 7, № 1, p. 93—110, EDN: TKENFK, https://doi.org/10.31374/sjms.208Dauylbayev, A., Yelmurzayeva, R., Kamaljanova, T., Ibragimova, G. 2024, The Ambivalence of the Implementation of the US Arctic Policy: Integrating and Disintegration Factors of the Allies, Frontiers in Political Science, vol. 6, art. № 1341375, EDN: IGEBBD, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2024.1341375Эволюция миграционной политики Швеции: от гуманности к секьюритизацииM. M.AgafoshinInstitute for African Studies of the Russian Academy of Scienceshttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0245-0481S. A.GorokhovInstitute for African Studies of the Russian Academy of Scienceshttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9984-6054R. VDmitrievInstitute for African Studies of the Russian Academy of Scienceshttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4018-9832The European migration crisis has emerged as one of the key challenges for Sweden, a country long known for its liberal stance toward refugees and asylum seekers. The large-scale influx of asylum seekers exposed vulnerabilities in the national reception system, aggravated issues of social integration, and contributed to the growing criminalisation of migrant communities. The study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the transformation of Sweden’s migration policy since 2015, viewed in the context of EU-wide reforms and domestic demands for stronger security measures. The methodological framework draws on systemic and comparative approaches. The empirical foundation is based on Statistics Sweden data on the number of asylum seekers, legislative acts, and analytical reports. Over the past decade, Sweden has shifted the focus of its migration policy, moving from a primarily humanitarian orientation toward refugees and asylum seekers to a pragmatic approach that combines restrictive measures with integration initiatives. Among the tools employed by the Swedish authorities to reduce migration flows are stricter asylum regulations, the expansion of readmission, voluntary and forced return programs, broader grounds and longer durations for entry bans in cases of deportation, and the establishment of infrastructure for reception and return centers. The analysis demonstrates that these reforms have reduced Sweden’s attractiveness to migrants and increased control over migration flows; however, they have not resolved the long-term challenges of social integration and territorial segregation of migrants, which remain highly relevant in the country.100920269511010.5922/2079-8555-2026-2-5https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/16092/95279/Gromyko, A. A. 2017, Migration from the Middle East and Africa to Europe: Challenges and Threats, Journal of the Institute for African Studies, vol. 40, № 3, p. 116— 124 (in Russ.), EDN: ZWUNIBPotemkina, O. Yu. 2019, After the crisis: “A new start” of the EU migration policy, Sovremennaya Evropa, № 6, p. 18—29, EDN: NAVVBW, http://doi.org/10.15211/soveurope620191829Malakhov, V. S., Kascian, K. 2020, The Eu’s Migration Dilemma: Legal and Political Dimensions, Polis Political Studies, № 4, p. 139—151, EDN: HFUEZC, https://doi.org/10.17976/jpps/2020.04.10Kvashnin, Y. D., Kuznetsov, A. V., Trofimova, O. E., Chetverikova, A. S. 2017, The European migrant crisis: Common challenge and national responses, World Eсonomy and International Relations, vol. 61, № 1, p. 97—107, EDN: XQZCIF, https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2017-61-1-97-107Pusterla, F., Pusterla, E. 2018, The 2015 Migrant Crisis and EU Member States: the Relation between State Fragility and Solidarity, European Political Science, vol. 17, № 4, p. 535—550, EDN: HTJMKL, https://doi.org/10.1057/s41304-017-0113-zEstevens, J. 2018, Migration Crisis in the EU: Developing a Framework for Analysis of National Security and Defence Strategies, Comparative Migration Studies, vol. 6, № 1, art. 28, EDN: GUKQGA, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-018-0093-3Khotivrishvili, A. A. 2019, Foreign Policy of the Vishegrad Group Countries in the Context of the European Migration Crisis, Post-Soviet Studies, vol. 2, № 6, p. 1411— 1419 (in Russ.), EDN: WXHMQSZakharov, I., Agafoshin, M. 2023, Reform of Asylum Policy and Control of Illegal Migration: Pan-European and Polish Approach, International Organisations Research Journal, vol. 18, № 3, p. 92—106, EDN: KLLSZG, https://doi.org/10.17323/1996-7845-2023-03-05Sigachev, M. I., Sleptsov, E. S., Fadeev, E. V. 2020, New Right-Wing Populism: Tendencies and Prospects on the Example of Some European States (Italy, France, Germany, Austria), RUDN Journal of Political Science, vol. 22, № 3, p. 458—474 (in Russ.), EDN: NNCSRM, https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-1438-2020-22-3-458-474Guseletov, B. P. 2024, Pan-European Parties on Issues of Migration and Adaptation of Migrants in the EU, Current problems of Europe, vol. 123, № 3, p. 207—229 (in Russ.), EDN: TLUQPB, https://doi.org/10.31249/ape/2024.03.12Muharremaj, E., Cami, G. 2024. The ‘Externalization’ of the European Union Migration and Asylum Policy: A Case Study of the Italy-Albania Agreement, International Organisations Research Journal, vol. 19, № 4, p. 40—60, EDN: QQMPZB, https://doi.org/10.17323/1996-7845-2024-04-03Potemkina, O. Yu. 2025, New Trends in the External Dimension of EU Migration and Asylum Policy, World Eсonomy and International Relations, vol. 69, № 5, p. 44—54 (in Russ.), EDN: QPIILG, https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2025-69-5-44-54Agafoshin, M. M., Gorokhov, S. A., Dmitriev, R. V. 2022, Refugees from Syria and Iraq in Sweden: Resettlement during the Migration Crisis, Baltic Region, vol. 14, № 4, p. 98—112, EDN: IKRMTW, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2022-4-6Valenta, M., Bunar, N. 2010, State assisted integration: Refugee integration policies in Scandinavian welfare states: The Swedish and Norwegian experience, Journal of Refugee Studies, vol. 23, № 4, p. 463—483, https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/feq028Plevako, N. S., Chernysheva, O. V. 2019, Is It Possible to Become a Sweden? Immigrant Adaptation and Integration Policy in Sweden after World War II, Moscow, KRASAND, 320 p. (in Russ.).Olsson, L., Jerneck, A., Fry, C., Habib, A. B. 2023, Civil Society and Social Integration of Asylum Seekers: The ‘Strength of Weak Ties’ and the Dynamics of ‘Strategic Action Fields’, Social Sciences, vol. 12, № 7, art. 403, EDN: DXNMRX, https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12070403Myrberg, G. 2017, Local challenges and national concerns: municipal level responses to national refugee settlement policies in Denmark and Sweden, International Review of Administrative Sciences, vol. 83, № 2, p. 322—339, https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852315586309Wennström, J., Öner, Ö. 2020, Political Hedgehogs: The Geographical Sorting of Refugees in Sweden, Statsvetenskaplig tidskrift, vol. 122, № 4, p. 671—685, https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.32828.59522Vogiazides, L., Mondani, H. 2020, A geographical path to integration? Exploring the interplay between regional context and labour market integration among refugees in Sweden, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, vol. 46, № 1, p. 23—45, https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2019.1588717Gorokhov, S. A., Dmitriev, R. V., Agafoshin, M. M. 2024, “Little Mogadishu” in Stockholm, or “Apartheid with a Friendly Face” in Sweden, Asia & Africa today, № 3, p. 57—65 (in Russ.), EDN: QZYXQR, https://doi.org/10.31857/S032150750030456-3Talalaeva, E. Yu., Pronina, T. S. 2024, Models for Countering the Segregation of Ethnoreligious Immigrant Areas In Denmark And Sweden, Baltic Region, vol. 16, № 1, p. 81—99, EDN: EWTXVF, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2024-1-5Hagelund, A. 2020, After the refugee crisis: public discourse and policy change in Denmark, Norway and Sweden, Comparative Migration Studies, vol. 8, № 1, art. 13, EDN: WIJKGL, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-019-0169-8Bevelander, P., Mata, F., Pendakur, R. 2019, Housing Policy and Employment Outcomes for Refugees, International Migration, vol. 57, № 3, p. 134—154, https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12569Grishin, I. V. 2019, Sweden’s Post-Election Impasse, World Eсonomy and International Relations, vol. 63, № 3, p. 30—39 (in Russ.), EDN: ZAJFDF, https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2019-63-3-30-39Plevako, N. S. 2019, The parliamentary crisis in Sweden in 2018 and the “third force”, Sovremennaya Evropa, № 2, p. 95—105 (in Russ.), EDN: OOXUUU, https://doi.org/10.15211/soveurope2201995105Aylott, N., Bolin, N. 2019, A party system in flux: the Swedish parliamentary election of September 2018, West European Politics, vol. 42, № 7, p. 1504—1515, https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2019.1583885Emilsson, H., Öberg, K. 2022, Housing for Refugees in Sweden: Top-Down Governance and its Local Reactions, Journal of International Migration and Integration, vol. 23, p. 613—631, EDN: GVSRSL, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-021-00864-8Aylott, N., Bolin, N. 2023, A new right: the Swedish parliamentary election of September 2022, West European Politics, vol. 46, № 5, p. 1049—1062, EDN: FGPLVI, https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2022.2156199Carlsson, N. 2024, Dreams of mass repatriation: government and far-right expansions of deportability in Sweden, Citizenship Studies, vol. 28, № 4—5, p. 462— 481, EDN: EEQFSP, https://doi.org/10.1080/13621025.2024.2418604Влияние международного сотрудничества на занятость населения в сфере туризмаT. O.RazumovaLomonosov Moscow State Universityhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5726-4136N. A.VoskolovichLomonosov Moscow State Universityhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1395-4930International cooperation in tourism generates a wide range of political, economic, social, and cultural benefits for participating countries and increasingly serves as a driver of sustainable development. At the same time, the further expansion of international tourism cooperation requires the modernisation of Russia’s tourism industry, accompanied by improvements in workforce development and the professional training of personnel capable of delivering high-quality tourism services. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of international cooperation on labour demand in the tourism sector and identify approaches to addressing workforce shortages. The research draws on official statistical data, sample surveys, expert assessments, comparative analysis, and cluster analysis. The findings highlight the importance of strengthening labour-saving strategies through the wider use of flexible forms of employment, including platform-based and project-based work, as key instruments for regulating employment in the tourism sector under conditions of labour market shortages. The proposed approach also includes measures aimed at improving employee retention and expanding the use of labour-saving digital technologies, particularly in labour-intensive segments of the tourism industry, such as hospitality and food services.1009202611113310.5922/2079-8555-2026-2-6https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/16092/95284/Shukshin, S. I. 2022, Theoretical and Managerial Framework of Integration Processes in Travel Industry, Journal of Legal and Economic Studies, № 4, p. 47—55 (in Russ.), EDN: TWJEZK, https://doi.org/10.26163/GIEF.2022.52.43.008Ogneva, N. F., Broyan, I. V. 2022, Development of integration processes of the member countries of the Eurasian Economic Union, The Eurasian Scientific Journal, vol. 14, № 3, art. 14ECVN322, EDN: IQGUAEKurylev, K. P., Malyshev, D. V., Khotivrishvili, A. A., Shablovskii, V. S. 2022, SCO and EAEU in the Context of Eurasian Integration, World Economy and International Relations, vol. 65, № 2, p. 81—88 (in Russ.), EDN: VSHHAU, https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-2-81-88Xiaoguang, B. 2018, Analysis of the current situation and the prospects of the Chinese-Russian cooperation in the sphere of cultural industries within the “One Belt, One Way” project, Power and Administration in the East of Russia, № 2 (83), p. 8—15 (in Russ.), EDN: XTGQIX, https://doi.org/10.22394/1818-4049-2018-83-2-8-15Xinyi, D. 2023, Tourism Cooperation in the SCO and its Features, International Journal of Humanities and Natural Sciences, vol. 3, № 3 (78), p. 133—137 (in Russ.), EDN: VPMZUI, https://doi.org/10.24412/2500-1000-2023-3-3-133-137Kristensen, A. E. 2020, Foreign direct investment in the Chinese outbound tourism industry: the policies, participants and possibilities, Journal of Policy Research in Tourism, Leisure and Events, vol. 12, № 1, p. 8—20, https://doi.org/10.1080/19407963.2018.1505100Levchenko, K. K. 2023, Structural and functional model of the digital platform in tourism, Economics: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow, vol. 13, № 3-1, p. 285—293 (in Russ.), EDN: PUDCBU, https://doi.org/10.34670/AR.2023.70.77.066Kumova, D. M. 2021, The use of artificial intelligence-based platforms in tourism, Services in Russia and Abroad, vol. 15, № 3, p. 18—26 (in Russ.), EDN: OYZLHC, https://doi.org/10.24412/1995-042X-2021-3-18-26Aksenov, V. A., Nosakov, I. V., Aksenov, S. V. 2022, Digitalization of the economy and development of electronic services in the field of hospitality and tourism, Hotel Business, № 6, p. 418— 427 (in Russ.), EDN: ZSWEKO, https://doi.org/10.33920/igt-2-2206-07Voskolovich, N. V. 2024, On the Way to Digital Tourism, Gosudarstvennoye upravleniye. Elektronnyy vestnik, № 102, p. 155—167 (in Russ.), EDN: EFPOXG, https://doi.org/10.55959/MSU2070-1381-102-2024-155-167Manakov, A. G., Krastev, V. K., Krasilnikova, I. N., Ivanov, I. A. 2023, Changes in the structure and geography of tourist flows during the COVID-19 pandemic, Baltic Region, vol. 15, № 1, p. 139—152, EDN: GKTQYF, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2023-1-8Aleksandrova, A. Y., Krasavtsev, I. V. 2023, Territorial structure of inbound and domestic tourism in the Baltic States, Baltic Region, vol. 15, № 1, р. 120—138, EDN: AVBDMM, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2023-1-7Salisheva, E. G. 2022, The role and direction of international cooperation in the aspect of ensuring affordable tourism, Economics: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow, vol. 12, № 9-1, p. 185— 193 (in Russ.), EDN: KARTES, https://doi.org/10.34670/AR.2022.47.79.050Giampiccoli, A. 2020, A conceptual justification and a strategy to advance community-based tourism development, European Journal of Tourism Research, vol. 25, art. 2503, EDN: CPRYJF, https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v25i.418Chkhotua, I. Z., Muradov, A. A. 2023, Tourism Development in Modern Conditions: Global and National Trends, Strategizing: Theory and Practice, vol. 3, № 2, p. 207—217 (in Russ.), EDN: JSNDAW, https://doi.org/10.21603/2782-2435-2023-3-2-207-217Oborin, M. S., Saryan, A. A. 2020, The development of tourist flows and features of their segmentation, Services in Russia and Abroad, vol. 14, № 1 (88), p. 13—22 (in Russ.), EDN: KUIITH, https://doi.org/10.24411/1995-042X-2020-10102Dorta-González, P., González-Betancor, S. M. 2021, Employment in tourism industries: Are there subsectors with a potentially higher level of income?, Mathematics, vol. 9, № 22, art. 2844, EDN: EYBMJG, https://doi.org/10.3390/math9222844Rodriguez-Giron, S., Vanneste, D. 2019, Tourism systems thinking: Towards an integrated framework to guide the study of the tourism phenomenon, Tourism, Culture and Communication, vol. 19, № 1, p. 1—16, EDN: XAVBPM, https://doi.org/10.3727/109830419X15489421397219Bellato, L., Frantzeskaki, N., Briceño Fiebig, C., Pollock, A., Dens, E., Reed, B. 2022, Transformative roles in tourism: adopting living systems’ thinking for regenerative futures, Journal of Tourism Futures, vol. 8, № 3, р. 312—329, EDN: KBGSJI, https://doi.org/10.1108/jtf-11-2021-0256Ermakova, Zh. A., Kholodilina, Yu. E. 2019, Labour market trends and prospects in the tourism industry of the Russian Federation, Intellect. Innovation. Investments, № 7, p. 27—35 (in Russ.), EDN: MGXXNH, https://doi.org/10.25198/2077-7175-2019-7-27Popova, V. N., Oleynikova, I. S. 2019, Modern approaches to customer service of a tourist company, Creative Economy, vol. 19, № 8, p. 2069—2086 (in Russ.), EDN: HCUGWY, https://doi.org/10.18334/ce.19.8.123552Harju-Myllyaho, A., Hakkarainen, M., Vähäkuopus, M. 2020, Tourism Work: Public Management of the Tourism Workforce in Finland, in: Walmsley, A., Åberg, K., Blinnikka, P., Jóhannesson, G. (eds.), Tourism Employment in Nordic Countries: Trends, Practices, and Opportunities, Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, p. 57—76, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47813-1_4Duncan, T., Hillman, A. G., Elbe, J. 2020, Sustainable Tourism Employment, the Concept of Decent Work, and Sweden, in: Walmsley, A., Åberg, K., Blinnikka, P., Jóhannesson, G. (eds.), Tourism Employment in Nordic Countries: Trends, Practices, and Opportunities, Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, p. 327—348, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47813-1_16Machalkin, S. E., Moreva, S. N. 2019, Analysis of Quality and State Tourist Stream from the People’s Republic of China, Social-Economic Phenomena and Processes, vol. 14, № 105, p. 25— 29 (in Russ.), EDN: DEZTIW, https://doi.org/10.20310/1819-8813-2019-14-105-25-29Golovchenko, T. P., Rubtsova, N. V. 2019, Assessment of Tourist Product and Hospitality in Baikal Region: Results of Online Polof Chinese Tourists, Azimuth of Scientific Research: Economics and Administration, vol. 8, № 1 (26), р. 129—132 (in Russ.), EDN: ZBIYJV, https://doi.org/10.26140/anie-2019-0801-0027Chalikova-Uhanova, M. V., Balashova, M. A., Troshkin, M. I., Balashova, A. M. 2021, On Long-Term Development of Tourism in Olkhonsky District and rationale for Increasing Its Attractiveness among Chinese Tourists, Russian and Chinese Studies, vol. 5, № 1, p. 36—45 (in Russ.), EDN: GITOPY, https://doi.org/10.17150/2587-7445.2021.5(1).36-45Sazykin, A. M., Shirokova, A. V. 2022, Development of international tourism in Primorsky Krai: Chinese direction, Ojkumena. Regional researches, № 1, p. 108—119 (in Russ.), EDN: UBHIYH, https://doi.org/10.24866/1998-6785/2022-1/108-119Voskolovich, N. A., Resmiatova, A. S. 2022, International Cooperation as a Driver of Inbound Tourism Development to Russia from China, Public Administration. E-journal (Russia), № 95, p. 144—160 (in Russ.), EDN: QXMMHP, https://doi.org/10.24412/2070-1381-2022-95-144-160Abudemaleke, A., Chkhotua, I. Z. 2024, Strategic Opportunities for Russian-Chinese Cooperation in Tourism in the Context of the Implementation of Large Cross-Border Projects, Administrative Consulting, № 5, p. 168—183 (in Russ.), EDN: SLLNCU, https://doi.org/10.22394/1726-1139-2024-5-168-183Kendzerskaya, N. V. 2022, Halal Friendly standards implementation technology based on Russian hotel complexes, Hotel Business, № 1, p. 63—70 (in Russ.), EDN: LQWBMZ, https://doi.org/10.33920/igt-2-2201-07Mazlan, N., Izham, S. S. B., Ahmadun, M. B. 2023, Muslim Friendly Hotels as Islamic Tourism Products: Issues and Challenges, International Journal of Academic Research in Business & Social Sciences, № 13 (2), р. 224—237, https://doi.org/10.6007/ijarbss/v13-i2/16344Anokhin, A. Y., Kropinova, E. G., Spiriajevas, E. 2021, Developing Geotourism with A Focus On Geoheritage In A Transboundary Region: The Case Of The Curonian Spit, A Unesco Site, Baltic Region, vol. 13, № 2, p. 112—128, EDN: EEWWBZ, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2021-2-6Регион «в сборке»: операционализация теории ассамбляжей в регионологических исследованияхK. A.IvanovSiberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Scienceshttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3895-0082E. V.KremnyovImmanuel Kant Baltic Federal Universityhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5255-3772I. O.SemenovIrkutsk State Universityhttps://orcid.org/0009-0002-8166-1398The article addresses a pressing methodological issue in regional studies related to overcoming reductionism and constructing a comprehensive profile of a region. Modern regional studies, as a transdisciplinary field of knowledge, faces challenges in providing a coherent description of regional space, often fragmented by the approaches of various scientific disciplines. This research aims to develop a methodological framework for analysing regions based on the principles of Manuel DeLanda’s assemblage theory. The authors adapt the core concepts of assemblage theory — the exteriority of relations, the heterogeneity of components, emergence, and contingent necessity — to the conceptualisation of the region. As a key analytical toolkit, the article proposes examining the region through the lens of four dimensions of an assemblage: the axes of materiality–expressivity, territorialisation–deterritorialisation, coding–decoding, and connectivity–segmentation. Additionally, temporal characteristics of a region’s existence, such as the relative duration of events and their relative stability, are taken into account. The main result is an operational protocol for constructing an assemblage profile of the region, which allows for the empirical identification of (re)assembly episodes. The protocol establishes minimum data requirements, integration procedures, and criteria for identifying and recording change. It is concluded that the application of the assemblage approach makes it possible to overcome the essentialism of traditional social science, offers a holistic understanding of the region as a socio-spatial phenomenon, and opens new avenues for transdisciplinary regional studies.1009202613415010.5922/2079-8555-2026-2-7https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/16093/95294/Star, S. L., Griesemer, J. R. 1989, Institutional Ecology, ‘Translations’ and Boundary Objects: Amateurs and Professionals in Berkeley’s Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 1907—39, Social Studies of Science, vol. 19, № 3, p. 387—420, EDN: JPZJHT, https://doi.org/10.1177/030631289019003001Paasi, A. 1986, The Institutionalization of Regions: a Theoretical Framework for Understanding the Emergence of Regions and the Constitution of Regional Identity, Fennia, vol. 164, № 1, p. 105—146.Law, J. 2004, After method: mess in social science research, London, New York, Routledge, 200 p.Berto, F., Plebani, M. 2015, Ontology and Metaontology: A Contemporary Guide, London, Bloomsbury, 264 p.Kerimov, T. 2022, The “Ontological Turn” in the Social Sciences: The Return of Epistemology, Russian Sociological Review , vol. 21, № 1, p. 109—130 (in Russ.), EDN: JNFYQQ, https://doi.org/10.17323/1728-192x-2022-1-109-130Kremnyov, E. V., Kuznetsova, O. V., Lesnikovskaya, E. V. 2020, Transdisciplinary Regionology: Theory and Methodology. 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(in Russ.).DeLanda, M. 2016, Assemblage Theory, Edinburgh, Edinburgh University Press, https://doi.org/10.1515/9781474413640DeLanda, M. 2006, A New Philosophy of Society: Assemblage Theory And Social Complexity, Bloomsbury Academic, 150 p.Koldunova, E. V. 2016, World Regional Studies as a Research Framework and Academic Discipline, MGIMO Review of International Relations, № 50 (5), p. 63—69 (in Russ.), EDN: YGCORL, https://doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2016-5-50-63-69Krasavin, I. V. 2019, Assemblage Arrangement, or Manuel DeLanda’s Simulation of Ontology, Sociology of Power, vol. 31, № 2, p. 136—154 (in Russ.), EDN: AERJEB, https://doi.org/10.22394/2074-0492-2019-2-136-154Yamamoto, H. 2012, Regional Studies Methodology: “Regional Knowledge” for Responding to the Unexpected, Regional Studies, vol. 12, № 2, p. 18—27, https://doi.org/10.24638/jcasreview.12.2_18 (in Japanese).Kalikhman, A. A., Kalikhman, T. P. 2020, Conceptual and Paradigm Foundations of Regional Studies, in: IV Gotlib’s Readings: Oriental and Asia-Pacific Regional Studies in the Context of Transdisciplinary Knowledge, Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference, Irkutsk, ISU, p. 266—284 (in Russ.), EDN: DXCPCILesnikovskaya, E. V. 2017, Area Studies: XXI Century Challenges, in: Gotlib’s Readings: Asia Pacific Region in the Context of Global Development, Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference, Irkutsk, ISU, p. 192—195 (in Russ.), EDN: YPSIEEVitushko, M. V. 2020, Assemblage as a Concept for Representing Real Objects in the Social Ontology of Manuel DeLanda, in: Humanitarian Knowledge and Artificial Intelligence: Strategies and Innovations, Proceedings of the International Conference, Yekaterinburg, Ural Federal University Publishing House, p. 1012—1015 (in Russ.), EDN: TGJJVAAllen, J., Cochrane, A. 2007, Beyond the territorial fix: Regional assemblages, politics and power, Regional Studies, vol. 41, № 9, p. 1161—1175, https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400701543348Stiftel, B., Watson, V., Acselrad, H. 2006, Global commonality and regional specificity, in: Stiftel, B., Watson, V., Acselrad, H. (eds.), Dialogues in Urban and Regional Planning, vol. 2, London, Routledge, p. 1—24.Massey, D. B. 2005, For Space, London, Sage Publications, 232 p.Slezkine, Yu. L. 2023, A Unique State-Civilization, Its Neighbors and Kinfolk, Russia in Global Affairs, vol. 21, № 4, p. 44—55 (in Russ.), EDN: VGEHWE, https://doi.org/10.31278/1810-6439-2023-21-4-44-55Anderson, B. 2024, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism, Moscow, Kuchkovo pole, 416 p. (in Russ.).Dokhov, R. A. 2023, Country as an Assemblage, in: Post-Industrial World: Trends, Shifts, and Pulsations, Proceedings of the International Conference, Moscow, Moscow State University Publishing House, p. 46—49 (in Russ.).Charmaz, K. 2014, Constructing Grounded Theory, London, SAGE.Saldaña, J. 2021, The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers, London, SAGE.Clarke, A. E. 2005, Situational Analysis: Grounded Theory After the Postmodern Turn, Thousand Oaks, CA, SAGE.Certeau, M. de. 2013, The Practice of Everyday Life. 1. The art of making, St. Petersburg, European University at St. Petersburg Publishing House, 330 p. (in Russ.).Beach, D., Pedersen, R.B. 2019, Process-Tracing Methods: Foundations and Guidelines, University of Michigan Press.Scott, J. C. 2005, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed, Moscow, Universitetskaya kniga, 576 p. (in Russ.), EDN: QOEPBJЦифровая корпоративная отчетность в странах Балтии: сравнительный анализ в контексте Европейского союзаL.HuangAl-Farabi Kazakh National Universityhttps://orcid.org/0009-0008-2308-1743A. K.NizamdinovaAl-Farabi Kazakh National Universityhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3507-5216V. F.KomarovaDaugavpils Universityhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9829-622XO. P.RuzhaDaugavpils Universityhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6194-3841E. Yu.FedorovaDaugavpils Universityhttps://orcid.org/0009-0004-8209-4588This study provides a comparative analysis of digital corporate reporting in the Baltic States within the institutional and technological context of the European Union’s (EU) digital trans­formation. The research methodology is based on a comparative institutional approach and incorporates the analysis of international statistical data, as well as correlation and discri­minant analyses. The institutional dimension of digital transformation is represented by the E-Government Development Index (EGDI), while the technological dimension is measured through the adoption of cloud computing technologies and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems at the enterprise level. The results indicate that, although the Baltic States be­nefit from relatively favourable institutional conditions for digitalisation, they exhibit substan­tial differences in the digitalisation of business processes and the development of digital cor­porate reporting. A statistically significant positive relationship was identified between EGDI scores and the use of structured forms of digital corporate reporting across EU countries (τ = 0.571; p < 0.001), as well as between the adoption of cloud computing technologies and the prevalence of such reporting forms (τ = 0.515; p = 0.002). The results of the discriminant analysis demonstrate the strong classification performance of the proposed model, which as­signs EU countries to groups with relatively high and low levels of digital corporate reporting development, with an accuracy ranging from 85.2 to 88.9 %. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the development and empirical validation of an integrated model that conceptualises digital corporate reporting as an outcome of the interaction between the institutional and technological conditions of digital transformation. It also provides a comparative assessment of the Baltic States within the broader European context .1009202615117710.5922/2079-8555-2026-2-8https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/16093/95296/Judijanto, L., Oktari, Yu. 2025, Digital transformation in corporate governance: implications for accounting transparency and managerial accountability, International Journal of Economic Literature (INJOLE), vol. 3, № 2, p. 253—271, URL: https://sociohum.net/index.php/INJOLE/article/view/319 (accessed 25.03.2026).Stefanescu, C.A. 2026, Echoes of the future — How digitalization and reporting resonate toward sustainability and competitiveness?, Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, vol. 33, № 3, p. 3932—3950, https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.70363Nahum, N., Larsson-Olaison, U., Uman, T., Achtenhagen, L. 2026, Corporate governance for digital transformation: The role of ownership and the board of directors, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, vol. 223, art. 124453, EDN: TXWDXK, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2025.124453Mikhaylova, A. A. 2022, Cross-border digitalization of the western border of Russia: potential and prospects, Baltic Region, vol. 14, № 1, p. 90—108 (in Russ.), EDN: LDKCOX, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2022-1-6Zemtsov, S. P., Demidova, K. V., Kichaev, D. Yu. 2022, Internet diffusion and interregional digital divide in Russia: trends, factors, and the influence of the pandemic, Baltic Region, vol. 14, № 4, p. 57—78 (in Russ.), EDN: QFIBDD, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2022-4-4