NONE20260604153003109Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal Universityno-reply@balticregion.kantiana.ruImmanuel Kant Baltic Federal UniversityBaltic Region2079-85552310-052406042026174Геополитика малых шагов: германские политические фонды в Белоруссии в 2014—2020 годыV. V.SutyrinMGIMO Universityhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3884-536XThe article analyses the activities of German political foundations in Belarus between 2014 and 2020, using the Friedrich Ebert Foundation and the Konrad Adenauer Foundation as case studies. The study is grounded in the framework of neoclassical realism, which conceptualises foundations as actors capable of autonomous action while operating within the broader contours of German foreign policy. The study examines their public events, analytical publications, and interactions with Belarusian society and state institutions in the period leading up to the political crisis of 2020. The Ebert Foundation focused primarily on socio-economic reforms, emphasising what it characterised as the “obsolescence” of the Belarusian economic model, an argument that, in its view, created a basis for seeking Western support. The Adenauer Foundation, by contrast, concentrated on security issues. The study concludes that only some activities of the foundations were directed at promoting internal change within the Belarusian political regime. In practice, the geopolitical logic came to the fore, as both foundations sought to influence the regional order, most notably by promoting the notion of Belarusian ‘neutrality’, which could contribute to weakening Russia’s military and political position in the Baltic region, including with regard to the Kaliningrad region. The research did not reveal sufficient public evidence to suggest that the foundations played a decisive role in the development of organisational structures within the Belarusian opposition during the 2020 crisis. Instead, their priorities often lay in building transnational expert networks aimed at advancing pro-Western geopolitical narratives in Belarus. These findings call into question the widespread assumption that German political foundations function primarily as ‘democratisation’ actors constrained by ideological templates, suggesting instead that they operate as flexible and pragmatic actors pursuing geopolitical objectives.0604202642510.5922/2079-8555-2025-4-1https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/15974/88967/Deen, B., Pucek, K. 2025, Belarus on Thin Ice. Future Scenarios and European Policy Dilemmas, Clingendael Report. 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P. 2022, Belarus in the foreign policy of the Federal Republic of Germany after february 2022, in: Belarus in the Modern World, Proceedings of the 21st International Scientific Conference dedicated to the 101st anniversary of the founding of Belarusian State University, Minsk, October 27, 2022, p. 109—114 (in Russ.).Балтийский регион как «серая зона»: балансирование на грани вооруженного конфликтаV. V.StryukovatyyImmanuel Kant Baltic Federal Universityhttps://orcid.org/0009-0006-1242-091XN. M.MezhevichInstitute of Europe of the Russian Academy of Scienceshttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-3513-2962Yu. M.ZverevImmanuel Kant Baltic Federal Universityhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5048-7481The article analyses the Baltic region as an arena of intensified Russia—West confrontation, applying the ‘grey zone’ concept understood as a domain where traditional military threats intersect with hybrid forms of influence. The authors examine the factors contributing to the escalation of tension in the region, including militarisation, economic sanctions, information pressure, and the use of proxy instruments. Particular attention is given to the geographical and legal conditions shaping strategic instability, as well as to historical precedents, most notably World War II, which, in the authors’ view, helps contextualise contemporary risks. The article outlines the methods used by NATO and the Baltic States in constructing the ‘grey zone’, including the expansion of military presence, the manipulation of legal frameworks, and the deployment of non-military instruments of pressure. The authors conclude that the Baltic region is approaching the threshold of open conflict, and Western policies are interpreted as efforts to constrain Russian influence without resorting to direct military engagement. The study employs comparative analysis, qualitative content analysis of key sources, and event analysis of the actions of EU and NATO member states to assess perceived threats and the dynamics of regional instability.06042026264810.5922/2079-8555-2025-4-2https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/15974/88968/Lachininskii, S., Xiaoling, L. 2021, The geopolitical risks and prospects for Russia-Western relations in the Baltic region, Pskov Journal of Regional Studies, vol. 17, № 4, p. 3—15 (in Russ.), https://doi.org/10.37490/S221979310017062-1Zverev, Yu. M., Stryukovaty, V. V. 2025, Russia and NATO: Confrontation in the Baltic, Kaliningrad (in Russ.).Bartosh, A. A. 2023, Issues of Hybrid Warfare Theory, Moscow, Hotline — Telecom Publishing House (in Russ.), URL: https://www.techbook.ru/book.php?id_book=1238 (accessed 05.03.2025).Ksenofontov, V. 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Yu. 2023, France’s strategy in the Baltic Region: military and political aspects, Baltic Region, vol. 15, № 1, p. 4—17, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2023-1-1Buhler, P. 2025, Europe géopolitique: le moment polonais, Le Grand Continent, 01.01.2025, URL: https://legrandcontinent.eu/fr/2025/01/01/europe-geopolitique-le-moment-polonais (accessed 17.06.2025).Péria-Peigné, L., Zima, A. 2025, Pologne, première armée d’Europe en 2035? Perspectives et limites d’un réarmement, Focus stratégique, № 123, février 2025, IFRI, 98 p., URL: https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/2025-02/ifri_peria-peigne_zima_pologne_rearmement_2025.pdf (accessed 17.06.2025).Ferrer, D. 2024, Bilan sur les relations entre la France et la Pologne, Geopolitica, 08.05.2024, https://doi.org/10.58079/11nmtTenenbaum, E., Zima, A. 2024, Retour à l’Est: la France, la menace russe et la défense du “Flanc Est” de l’Europe, Focus stratégique, № 119, juin 2024, IFRI, URL: https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/migrated_files/documents/atoms/files/ifri_tenenbaum_zima_flanc_est_2024.pdf (accessed 17.06.2025).Soutou, G.-H. 2012, L’émergence du couple franco-allemand: un mariage de raison, Politique étrangère, № 4, p. 727—738, https://doi.org/10.3917/pe.124.0727Fiszer, J. M., Czasak, M. 2019, Trójkąt Weimarski. Geneza i działalność na rzecz integracji. Europy w latach 1991—2016, Warszawa, 485 p.Alekseenkova, E. S., Chikhachev, A. Yu. 2022, The Quirinal Treaty: Bilateral Agreement on the EU’s Future?, Sovremennaya Evropa, № 3, p. 33—48, https://doi.org/10.31857/S0201708322030032Rubinskiy, Y., Sindeev, A. 2019, From the Elysee treaty to the Aachen treaty, Sovremennaya Evropa, № 2, p. 18—26, https://doi.org/10.15211/soveurope220191826Maslova, E. A., Shebalina, E. O. 2023, Italy in the Rome—Paris—Berlin Triangle, Sovremennaya Evropa, № 2, p. 5—18, https://doi.org/10.31857/S0201708323020018Chernega, V. N. 2024, “Power Europe” according to E. Macron: mirage or real prospect?, Current problems of Europe, № 1, p. 85—105, https://doi.org/10.31249/ape/2024.01.05Maslova, E., Shebalina, E. 2023, “Mediterranean card” in Italy’s European policy, Scientific and Analytical Herald of the Institute of Europe RAS, № 2, p. 25—33 (in Russ.), https://doi.org/15211/vestnikieran220232533Kuzmicheva, A. E. 2023, Polish-French Relations in 1933—1935. Dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Historical Sciences, Moscow, 344 p., (in Russ.).Образ России в исторической политике Финляндии в контексте вступления в НАТО: на примере речей президента С. НиинистёD. I.PopovHSE Universityhttps://orcid.org/0009-0009-6037-1763The study focuses on the image of Russia in Finland’s historical politics in the context of the country’s accession to NATO. Its aim is to identify changes in the place attributed to Russia in the Finnish political elite’s references to Finland’s own past, shared Russian–Finnish history, and world history. To achieve this objective, the author analyses speeches by the President of Finland, Sauli Niinistö, on foreign policy issues delivered between 2021 and 2024: prior to the outbreak of the conflict in Ukraine, during Helsinki’s accession process to NATO, and after Finland obtained full membership in the Alliance. The theoretical framework of the study draws on the concept of historical politics as interpreted by Alexei Miller, as well as on the theory of historical narrative developed by Eviatar Zerubavel. The primary research method employed is discourse analysis in accordance with the approach of Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe. The analysis reveals that Sauli Niinistö referred most actively to the past during the first year of the conflict in Ukraine and following Finland’s application for NATO membership. Since 2022, the Winter War and other episodes of Russian–Finnish confrontation have assumed a far more prominent role in historical politics than the 1975 Helsinki Accords. These references contribute to the construction of Russia’s image as an enemy and a threat in both the present and the past, and serve to mobilise public support within Finland for Ukraine. As a result, the historical narrative increasingly takes the form of a prolonged and continuous struggle between the two nations, devoid of any experience of mutually beneficial cooperation or sustained dialogue between the two countries.06042026688310.5922/2079-8555-2025-4-4https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/15974/88970/Gromyko, A. A., Plevako, N. S. 2016, On the Sweden’s and Finland’s optional membership in NATO, Sovremennaya Evropa, vol. 68, № 2, p. 13—16, http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/soveurope220161316Khudoley, K. K., Lanko, D. A. 2019, Finnish security dilemma, NATO and the factor of eastern Europe, World Economy and International Relations, vol. 63, № 3, p. 13— 20, http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2019-63-3-13-20Sidorova, L. N., Ryabinina, O. K. 2022, Sweden and Finland joining NATO: a comparative analysis of decision-making, Bulletin of the Diplomatic Academy of the Russian Federation. Russia and the world, № 3, p. 6—23 (in Russ.).Danilov, D. 2022, Finland and Sweden on the threshold of NATO’s open door, Scientific and Analytical Herald of IE RAS, № 2, p. 16—23 (in Russ.), http://dx.doi.org/10.15211/vestnikieran220221623Christiansson, M. 2023, A New Northern Flank: Sweden and Finland in NATO, International Relations, № 5, p. 225—232, http://dx.doi.org/10.17265/2328-2134/2023.05.005Gunter, M. 2022, Some Implications of Sweden and Finland Joining NATO, The Commentaries, № 1, p. 91—100, https://doi.org/10.33182/tc.v2i1.2710Ponamareva, A .2022, Finland on nato’s threshold: the public dimension of the rejection of neutrality, European security: events, assessments, forecasts, № 65 (81), p. 17—24 (in Russ.).Koskimaa, V., Raunio, T. 2025, Effective and democratic policymaking during a major crisis: an in-depth analysis of Finland’s decision to apply for NATO membership after Russia attacked Ukraine, Journal of European Public Policy, vol. 32, № 4, p. 980— 1003, https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2024.2324013Ryabinina, O. K. 2023, Finland’s accession to NATO: new challenges for Russia, Bulletin of the Diplomatic Academy of the Russian Federation. Russia and the world, № 3 (37), p. 133—144 (in Russ.).Smirnov, P. Ye. 2023, The Accession of Finland and Sweden to NATO: Geopolitical implications for Russia’s position in the Baltic Sea region, Baltic Region, vol. 15, № 4, p. 42—61, http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2023-4-3Arter, D. 2023, From Finlandisation and post-Finlandisation to the end of Finlandisation? Finland’s road to a NATO application, European security, vol. 32, № 2, p. 171—189, https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2022.2113062Bell, D. 2006, Memory, Trauma and World Politics, London, Palgrave Macmillan, https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230627482Langenbacher, E., Shain, Y. 2010, Power and the Past: Collective Memory and International Relations, Washington, Georgetown University Press, https://doi.org/10.1353/book13048Resende, E., Budryte, D. 2013, Memory and Trauma in International Relations: Theories, Cases and Debates, London, New York, Routledge.Kopstein, J., Subotić, J., Welch, S. (eds.). 2023, Politics, Violence, Memory: The New Social Science of the Holocaust, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctv2cc5rvf (accessed 15.03.2025).Mälksoo, M. 2023, Handbook on the Politics of Memory, Northampton, Edward Elgar Publishing, URL: https://books.google.com/books/about/Handbook_on_the_Politics_of_Memory.html?id=0N25EAAAQBAJ (accessed 15.03.2025).Wallenius-Korkalo, S. 2010, Progress or Perish Northern Perspectives on Social Change, London, Routledge, 200 p., https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315602356Kolodnikova, L. P. 2009, Historical memory of the Soviet-Finnish war of 1939—1940, Russian history, № 5, p. 15—29 (in Russ.).Vitukhnovskaya-Kauppala, M. A. 2008, Memory about “Finnish war” in Russia and Finland, Russia 21st, № 1, p. 92—107 (in Russ.).Holmila, A. 2012, Varieties of silence: Collective memory of the Holocaust in Finland in Finland, in: Kinnunen, T., Kivimäki, V. (eds.), World War II: History, Memory, Interpretations, Brill, p. 519—560, https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004214330_014Davydova-Minguet, O. 2022, Performing memory in conflicting settings: Russian immigrants and the remembrance of World War II, Finland, East European politics and societies, vol. 36, № 1, p. 225—247, https://doi.org/10.1177/0888325420956697Liman, I. 2019, “Isoviha” in historical memory of Finland, Nordic and Baltic Studies Review, № 4, p. 206—217, https://doi.org/10.15393/j103.art.2019.1409Heimo, A., Peltonen, U.-M. 2003, Memories and Histories, Public and Private After the Finnish Civil War, in: Radstone, S. Memory, History, Nation Contested Pasts, Routledge, p. 42— 56, https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203785751Kuzmenko, E. A. 2021, The white and red forces of the civil war: problems of modern public interpretation of historical memory in Finland, Russia & World: Sc. Dialogue, vol. 1, № 2, p. 62—77, https://doi.org/10.53658/RW2021-1-2-62-77Hautsalo, L., Westerlund, H. 2023, The Politics of memory and place-making in local opera: The case of the Kymi River Opera, Svensk Tidskrift för Musikforskning, № 105, p. 23—40, https://doi.org/10.58698/stm-sjm.v105.14149Lähteenmäki, M., Colpaert, A. 2020, Memory politics in transition: Nostalgia tours and gilded memories of Petsamo, Matkailututkimus, № 1, p. 8—34, https://doi.org/10.33351/mt.85341Kujanen, M., Koskimaa, V., Raunio, T. 2024, President’s constitutional powers and public activism: a focused analysis of presidential speeches under Finland’s two presidencies, Comparative European Politics, vol. 22, № 5, p. 594—615, https://doi.org/10.1057/s41295-023-00375-zMiller, A. I. 2009, Russia: Power and History, Pro et contra, № 3-4, p. 6—23 (in Russ.).Zerubavel, E. 2003, Time Maps. Collective Memory and the Social Shape of the Past, Chicago, London, University of Chicago Press, URL: https://books.google.com/books/about/Time_Maps.html?id=vNbLhAZ-ieAC (accessed 15.03.2025).Nora, P. 1999, France — Memory, St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg University Press (in Russ.).Laclau, E., Mouffe, C. 1985, Hegemony and socialist strategy: Towards a radical democratic politics, London, Vespa.Внешняя торговля России сырьевыми и промышленными товарами: влияние интеграционных соглашений и санкцийD. A.IzotovEconomic Research Institute of the Far Eastern Branchof the Russian Academy of Scienceshttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9199-6226The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of integration agreements and sanctions on Russia’s foreign trade in raw materials and industrial goods. Using international statistical data for 1995—2024 from UNCTAD, the World Bank, CEIC, UNIDO, CEPII, FAO, WTO, and GSDB, and applying a gravity model that controls for globalization effects, the study assesses the potential for stimulating Russia’s foreign trade through WTO membership and participation in trade and cooperation agreements under conditions of sanction constraints.The results of the analysis demonstrate an overall negative impact of sanctions on Russia’s trade, with large-scale restrictive measures exerting the most pronounced effect, substantially reducing trade with Western countries that imposed sanctions in 2022—2024. The influence of investment agreements on Russia’s foreign trade is found to be invariant. Although advanced (deep) trade agreements, in contrast to shallow ones, have a generally positive long-term effect on trade, they stimulate expansion in industrial goods to a greater extent than in raw materials. The positive impact of both advanced and shallow trade agreements, as well as WTO membership, on Russia’s foreign trade, particularly in industrial goods, shows a strengthening trend over time. In addition, the overall growth of international trade in 2022—2024 contributed to the expansion of Russia’s trade with WTO member countries, primarily in raw materials. Comparative analysis indicates that the reorientation of trade towards WTO members, together with the recovery of global trade, helped mitigate the negative effects of large-scale sanctions imposed by Western countries, while Russia’s advanced and shallow trade agreements played a supplementary stimulatory role in this process. These findings demonstrate the necessity of expanding Russia’s integration frameworks with ‘friendly’ countries in the context of intensifying sanctions pressure from Western states.060420268410610.5922/2079-8555-2025-4-5https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/15975/88971/Baldwin R., Ruta, M. (eds.). 2025, The State of Globalisation, CEPR Press, International Monetary Fund, 105 p., URL: https://cepr.org/system/files/publication-files/255049-the_state_of_globalisation.pdf (accessed 01.08.2025).Afontsev, S. A. 2020, Politics and economics of trade wars, Zhournal Novoi Ekonomicheskoi Associacii Journal of the New Economic Association, vol. 45, № 1, p. 193—198, https://doi.org/10.31737/2221-2264-2020-45-1-9Larch, M., Yotov, Y. V. 2023, Deep Trade Agreements and FDI in Partial and General Equilibrium: A Structural Estimation Framework, Policy Research Working Papers, art. № 10338, https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-10338Larch, M., Yotov, Y. V. 2024, Regional Trade Agreements: What Do We Know and What Do We Miss?, FIW Policy Brief series 64, FIW, URL: https://www.fiw.ac.at/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/64_FIW_PB_LarchYotov.pdf (accessed 01.08.2025).Tobin, J. L., Busch, M. L. 2010, A BIT Is Better Than a Lot: Bilateral Investment Treaties and Preferential Trade Agreements, World Politics, vol. 62, № 1, p. 1—42, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043887109990190Morgan, T. C., Syropoulos, C., Yotov, Y. V. 2023, Economic Sanctions: Evolution, Consequences, and Challenges, Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 37, № 1, p. 3—30, https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.37.1.3Timofeev, I. N., Gavrilova, S. M., Chupriyanova, P. I., Rastegaev, D. O. (eds.). 2024, Sanctions Policy: Concept, Institutions, Practice, № 11, Russian International Affairs Council (RIAC), Moscow, 96 p. (in Russ.), URL: https://mgimo.ru/upload/2025/04/politika-sanktsiy.pdf?utm_source=google.com&utm_medium=organic&utm_campaign=google.com&utm_referrer=google.com (accessed 01.08.2025).Qiao, C. 2024, Financial risks and economic costs of trade sanctions, Finance Research Letters, vol. 69, art. № 106113, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2024.106113Engelbrecht, H.-J., Pearce, C. 2007, The GATT/WTO has promoted trade, but only in capital-intensive commodities!, Applied Economics, vol. 39, № 12, p. 1573—1581, https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840600592874Dai, M., Yotov, Y. V., Zylkin, T. 2014, On the Trade-Diversion Effects of Free Trade Agreements, Economic Letters, vol. 122, № 2, p. 321—325, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2013.12.024Borchert, I., Larch, M., Shikher, S., Yotov, Y. 2021, The International Trade and Production Database for Estimation (ITPD-E), International Economics, № 166, p. 140— 166, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inteco.2020.08.001Campos, R. G., Larch, M., Timini, J., Vidal Muñoz, E., Yotov, Y. V. 2024, Does the WTO Promote Trade? A Meta-Analysis, Banco de Espana Working Paper, art. № 2427, http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4958747Larch, M., Shikher, S., Syropoulos, C., Yotov, Y. V. 2022, Quantifying the impact of economic sanctions on international trade in the energy and mining sectors, Economic Inquiry, vol. 60, № 3, p. 1038—1063, https://doi.org/10.1111/ecin.13077Ghomi, M. 2022, Who is afraid of sanctions? The macroeconomic and distributional effects of the sanctions against Iran, Economics and Politics, vol. 34, № 3, p. 395— 428, https://doi.org/10.1111/ecpo.12203Syropoulos, C., Felbermayr, G., Kirilakha, A., Yalcin, E., Yotov, Y. V. 2024, The global sanctions data base—Release 3: COVID-19, Russia, and multilateral sanctions, Review of International Economics, vol. 32, № 1, p. 12—48, https://doi.org/10.1111/roie.12691van Bergeijk, P. A. G. (eds.), 2021, Research Handbook on Economic Sanctions, Edward Elgar Publishing, 496 p., URL: https://www.elgaronline.com/edcollbook/edcoll/9781839102714/9781839102714.xml (accessed 01.08.2025).Chupilkin, M., Javorcik, B., Peeva, A., Plekhanov, A. 2025, Economic Sanctions and Intermediated Trade, AEA Papers and Proceedings, vol. 115, p. 568—572, https://doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20251083Caruso, R., Cipollina, M. 2025, The effect of economic sanctions on world trade of mineral commodities. A gravity model approach from 2009 to 2020, Resources Policy, № 105, art. № 105574, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2025.105574Kuzyk, M. G., Simachev, Y. V. 2025, Features of countries’ response to large-scale sanctions: Are there lessons to be learned?, Voprosy Ekonomiki, 2025, № 10, p. 5—27, https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2025-10-5-27Lee, C.-S., Song, B. 2008, Economic Effects of Russia’s Trade Liberalization: Russia’s WTO Accession and FTAs with EU and Korea, East Asian Economic Review, vol. 12, № 1, p. 251—284, https://dx.doi.org/10.11644/KIEP.JEAI.2008.12.1.186Cristea, A. D., Miromanova, A. 2022, Firm-level trade effects of WTO accession: Evidence from Russia, Review of International Economics, vol. 30, № 1, p. 237—281, https://doi.org/10.1111/roie.12565Rasoulinezhad, E. 2018, A new evidence from the effects of Russia’s WTO accession on its foreign trade, Eurasian Economic Review, vol. 8, № 1, p. 73—92, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40822-017-0081-1Arzhaev, F. I. 2024, Free Trade zone as a tool to promote Russian exports: assessing effects, Russian Foreign Economic Journal, № 7, p. 94—102, https://doi.org/10.24412/2072-8042-2024-7-94-102Mazyrin, V. M. 2024, The EAEU — Vietnam free trade agreement: expectations and reality, Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law, vol. 17, № 3, p. 128—148, https://doi.org/10.31249/kgt/2024.03.07Ushkalova, D. I. 2017, Integration models of the Eurasian economic union and the free trade zone of the cis in the context of international experience, Vestnik Instituta Ekonomiki Rossiyskoy Akademii Nauk (The Bulletin of the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences), № 6, p. 100—111 (in Russ.).Smorodinskaya, N. V., Katukov, D. D. 2022, Russia under sanctions: limits of adaptation, Vestnik Instituta Ekonomiki Rossiyskoy Akademii Nauk (The Bulletin of the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences), № 6, p. 52—67 (in Russ.), https://doi.org/10.52180/2073-6487_2022_6_52_67Rühl, C. 2022, Energy sanctions and the global economy: mandated vs unilateral sanctions, International Economics and Economic Policy, vol. 19, № 2, p. 383—399, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10368-022-00542-9Flach, L., Heiland, I., Larch, M., Steininger, M., Teti, F. A. 2024, Quantifying the partial and general equilibrium effects of sanctions on Russia, Review of International Economics, vol. 32, № 1, p. 281—323, https://doi.org/10.1111/roie.12707Gordeev, R. V., Pyzhev, A. I. 2023, The timber industry in Russia under sanctions: Losses and opportunities, Voprosy Ekonomiki, 2023, № 4, p. 45—66, https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2023-4-45-66Zemlyanskii, D. Yu., Chuzhenkova, V. 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I. 2022, Russia’s foreign trade under sanctions pressure, Zhournal Novoi Ekonomicheskoi Associacii Journal of the New Economic Association, vol. 55, № 3, p. 218—226, https://doi.org/10.31737/2221-2264-2022-55-3-14Gutmann, J., Neuenkirch, M., Neumeier, F. 2024, Do China and Russia undermine Western sanctions? Evidence from DiD and event study estimation, Review of International Economics, vol. 32, № 1, p. 132—160, https://doi.org/10.1111/roie.12716Dabrowski, M., Avdasheva, S. 2023, Sanctions and Forces Driving to Autarky, in: Dabrowski, M. (eds.), The Contemporary Russian Economy, Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, p. 271— 288, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17382-0_14Yotov, Y. V., Piermartini, R., Monteiro, J.-A., Larch, M. 2016, An Advanced Guide to Trade Policy Analysis: The Structural Gravity Model, United Nations and World Trade Organization, URL: https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/booksp_e/advancedwtounctad2016_e.pdf (accessed 01.08.2025).Larch, M., Piermartini, R., Yotov, Y. V. 2019, On the Effects of GATT/WTO Membership on Trade: They are Positive and Large After All, WTO working paper, № ERSD-2019-09, URL: https://www.wto.org/english/res_e/reser_e/ersd201909_e.htm (accessed 01.08.2025).Bergstrand, J. H., Larch, M., Yotov, Y. V. 2015, Economic Integration Agreements, Border Effects, and Distance Elasticities in Gravity Equations, European Economic Review, № 78, p. 307—327, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2015.06.003Egger, P. H., Larch, M., Yotov, Y. V. 2022, Gravity Estimations with Interval Data: Revisiting the Impact of Free Trade Agreements, Economica, vol. 89, № 353, p. 44—61, https://doi.org/10.1111/ecca.12394Izotov, D. A. 2022, Russia’s Trade with East Asian Countries: Comparative Costs and Potential, Spatial Economics, vol. 18, № 3, https://dx.doi.org/10.14530/se.2022.3.017-041Wellhausen, R. L., Peinhardt, C. 2025, Adjudicating while Fighting: Political Implications of the Ukraine—Russia Bilateral Investment Treaty, Perspectives on Politics, p. 1—13, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592724002809Устойчивая типология регионов России по уровню научно-­технологического развития за 2012—2024 годыA. A.NovikovaKaliningrad State Technical UniversityImmanuel Kant Baltic Federal Universityhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0374-6337D. G.AzhinovImmanuel Kant Baltic Federal Universityhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1968-8840Contemporary geoeconomic transformations have heightened the need for spatial analysis of the sustainability of scientific and technological development across Russian regions, parti­cularly in light of the strategic transition from import substitution to technological sovereignty. This study examines typological differences in the level and dynamics of scientific and technological activity of Russian regions between 2012 and 2024, identifying territories that have consistently demonstrated strong performance and are therefore capable of serving as centres for national technological policy amid changing external conditions. The analysis applies hierarchical cluster methods to longitudinal data on regional scientific and technological inputs (staff, funding) and outputs (performance). The extended temporal scope enables the identification of stable regional dynamic profiles, revealing structural distinctions and long-term developmental trajectories. This approach is especially relevant today, as national scientific and technological development increasingly depends on domestic resources, capabilities and competencies. The study establishes a typology of regions, with a core group distinguished by substantial resource concentration and persistently superior performance. It is concluded that the analysis of spatial and temporal dynamics enables the identification of regions that demonstrate resilience to external shifts and have the capacity to contribute to the implementation of a long-term state strategy in science, technology and innovation.0604202610713510.5922/2079-8555-2025-4-6https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/15975/88972/Afanasyev, A. A. 2025, Technological sovereignty: nature, goals and mechanism of achievement, Russian Journal of Innovation Economics, vol. 15, № 2, p. 469— 488, https://doi.org/10.18334/vinec.15.2.122986Novikova, A. A. 2020, Evaluation of changes in the international and interregional economic openness of the Russian exclave on the Baltic, Geopolitics and Ecogeodynamics of regions, № 1, p. 13—30 (in Russ.).Furman, J. L., Porter, M. E., Stern, S. 2002, The determinants of national innovative capacity, Research Policy, vol. 31, № 6, p. 899—933, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0048-7333(01)00152-4Gareev, T. 2023, Technological sovereignty: from conceptual contradiction to practical implementation, Terra Economicus, vol. 21, № 4, p. 38—54, https://doi.org/10.18522/2073-6606-2023-21-4-38-54Kapoguzov, E. A., Sheresheva, M. Y. 2024, From import substitution to technological sovereignty: Related discourse and a narrative approach perspective, Terra Economicus, vol. 22, № 3, p. 128—142, https://doi.org/10.18522/2073-6606-2024-22-3-128-142Wang, W. 2023, A new era of de-westernization, Russia in Global Affairs, vol. 22, № 3, p. 180—183, https://doi.org/10.31278/1810-6439-2023-21-2-180-183Voloshenko, K. Yu. 2024, Economic security as a driver of Russian exclave development in alignment with national interests, Baltic Region, vol. 16, № 4, p. 31—50, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2024-4-2Uskova, T. V. 2019, The key threats to russia’s economic security, Problems of Territory’s Development, № 1 (99), p. 7—16, https://doi.org/10.15838/ptd.2019.1.99.1Vasilyeva, L. 2020, Economic security: definitions and essence, Journal of applied research, № 3, p. 6—13, https://doi.org/10.47576/2712-7516_2020_3_6Vlasova, M. S., Stepchenkova, O. S. 2019, Indicators of economic security in the scientific and technological sphere, Voprosy Statistiki, vol. 26, № 10, p. 5—17, https://doi.org/10.34023/2313-6383-2019-26-10-5-17Bagaryakov, A. V., Nikulina, N. L. 2012, Investigation of economic security in terms of relations innovation security — Innovation culture, Economy of Regions, № 4, p. 178—185, https://doi.org/10.17059/2012-4-18Sukhovey, A. F. 2014, The problems of providing innovative security in Russia, Economy of Regions, № 4, p. 141—152, https://doi.org/10.17059/2014-4-11Mikhailova, A. A. 2017, Evaluation of innovative security of the Russian regions, National Interests: Priorities and Security, № 4, p. 711—724, https://doi.org/10.24891/ni.13.4.711Volkova, N. N., Romanyuk, E. I. 2024, Contribution of regions to the technological sovereignty of the country: using the possibilities of statistical analysis, Vestnik Instituta Ekonomiki Rossiyskoy Akademii Nauk (The Bulletin of the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences), № 6, p. 93—115, https://doi.org/10.52180/2073-6487_2024_6_93_115Zemskov, V. V. 2023, Scientific and technological sovereignty: new challenges and solutions, Economic security, vol. 6, № 4, p. 1321—1334, https://doi.org/10.18334/ecsec.6.4.118817Afanasev, A. A. 2023, Technological sovereignty: variant approaches, Russian Journal of Innovation Economics, vol. 13, № 2, p. 689—706, https://doi.org/10.18334/vinec.13.2.117375Grandonian, K. A., Bekher, V. V., Kiseleva, O. N., Soldunov, A. V. 2023, The drivers of achieving technological sovereignty of Russia in modern conditions, Economy, Governance and Lave Basis, № 2, p. 78—82, https://doi.org/10.51608/23058641_2023_2_78Goryacheva, T. V., Myzrova, O. A. 2023, The role and place of technological sovereignty in ensuring the Russian economy sustainability, Izvestiya of Saratov University. Economics. Management. Law, № 2, p. 134—145, https://doi.org/10.18500/1994-2540-2023-23-2-134-145Dorzhieva, V. V., Sorokina, N. Yu., Belyaevskaya-Plotnik, L. A., Volkova, N. N., Romanyuk, E. I. 2022, Spatial Aspects of Innovative and Scientific-Technological Development in Russia, Scientific Report, Institute of Economics, Russian Academy of Sciences (in Russ.).Volkova, N. N., Romanyuk, E. I. 2023, Rating of scientific and technological development of the subjects of the Russian Federation, Vestnik Instituta Ekonomiki Rossiyskoy Akademii Nauk (The Bulletin of the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences), № 2, p. 50—72, https://doi.org/10.52180/2073-6487_2023_2_50_72Myslyakova, Yu. G. 2021, Developing a typology of regions based on their predisposition to scientific and technological development, Economics and Management, vol. 27, № 10, p. 775— 785, http://doi.org/10.35854/1998-1627-2021-10-775-785Byvshev, V. I., Panteleeva, I. A., Pisarev, I. V. 2024, Differentiation of the Constituent Entities of the Russian Federation for the Implementation of Regional Scientific, Technological and Innovation Policy, Economy of Regions, vol. 20, № 3, p. 702—717, https://doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2024-3-7Selye, H. 1964, From Dream to Discovery. New York.Askarova, V. Y. 2006, On the principles of identifying reasonable sufficiency of empirical material in book studies, Bibliosphere, № 2, p. 31—35 (in Russ.).Dosi, G., Llerena, P., Labini, M.S. 2006, The Relationships between Science, Technologies and Their Industrial Exploitation: An Illustration through the Myths and Realities of the So-Called European Paradox, Research Policy, vol. 35, № 10, p. 1450— 1464, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2006.09.012David, P. A. 1985, Clio and the Economics of QWERTY, The American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings of the Ninety-Seventh Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association, vol. 75, № 2, p. 332—337.Koryachko, V. P. 2023, Selecting the Number of Clusters in Clustering Problems Using the Silhouette Method. In: BIG DATA and Advanced Analytics, collection of scientific articles from the IX International Scientific and Practical Conference, Minsk, May 17—18, 2023: in 2 parts. Part 1, Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics, Minsk, p. 333—340 (in Russ.).Azhinov, D. G., Lapshova, T. E. 2023, A typology of the Baltic Region states according to excellence in science and technology, Baltic Region, vol. 15, № 1, p. 78—95, http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2023-1-5Fedorov, G. M. 2020, On the economic security of Russia’s Kaliningrad exclave, Baltic Region, vol. 12, № 3, p. 40—54, http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2020-3-3Voloshenko, K. Y., Novikova, A. A. 2022, Impact of changes in the territorial distribution of foreign trade on the development of the Kaliningrad Region, Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta Seriya Geografiya, vol. 5, № 4, p. 127—141.Изменения территориальной структуры сельскохозяйственного землепользования в Ленинградской областиG. N.NikonovaSaint Petersburg Federal Research Centreof the Russian Academy of Scienceshttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7605-0237This study aims to examine the current state and prospects of the territorial transformation of agricultural land use, with a view to identifying key development trajectories and potential risks associated with returning unused land to economic circulation. The analysis focuses on agricultural land use in the Leningrad region, a territory with a highly developed agricultural sector and an important part of the Baltic Sea region. The methodological approach combines an assessment of spatial changes in the territorial structure of agricultural land use with an examination of structural shifts in the distribution of farmland, arable land, and sown areas. Indicators of structural change and their growth rates were analysed at the municipal-district level between the 2006 All-Russian Agricultural Census and the 2021 microcensus. The study traces the intensity of territorial shifts in agricultural land use across three periods (1990—2006, 2006—2016, and 2016—2021) and identifies the main characteristics and directions of these transformations, including north – south and centre—periphery patterns. Particular attention is paid to the influence of urbanisation on territorial change, especially in areas bordering Saint Petersburg. The analysis also highlights spatial differentiation within the region and identifies three principal zones of unused farmland. The case of the northern, peripheral Priozersk District shows that, when supported by favourable socioeconomic and institutional conditions, agricultural land can retain its value for agribusiness despite broader structural pressures. The study concludes by outlining region-specific approaches to mitigating potential risks to agricultural land use, assuming that current transformation trends continue.0604202613615910.5922/2079-8555-2025-4-7https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/15976/88973/Nikonova, G. N. 2023, Features of the modern institutional environment of land relations in the agricultural sector, Agricultural Science Euro-North-East = Agrarnaya nauka Evro-Severo-Vostoka, vol. 24, № 6, p. 1067—1076, https://doi.org/10.30766/2072-9081.2023.24.6.1067-1076Kazmin, M. A. 2016, Transformation of agricultural land use in Russian regions in the course of modern socioeconomic reforms, Regional Research, № 2, p. 103—112 (in Russ.).Mukhin, G. D. 2012, Ecological-economic assessment of land use structure within the European territory of Russia during two recent decades, Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, Seriya Geografiya, № 5, p. 19—27 (in Russ.).Kolbovskiy, E. Yu., Klimanova, O. A., Bavshin, I. M. 2018, Spatial analysis of determinants and consequencesof land use changes in agricultural lands of Smolensk oblast, Regional Research, № 4, p. 96—106 (in Russ.).Skobeev, N. M. 2017, Latest trends in land use changeand its accounting specifics (Tula oblast case), Regional Research, № 4, p. 81—92 (in Russ.).Saitova, A. R. 2018, Suburban land use as a territorial basis of food security, Current issues in economics, sociology and law, № 4, p. 44—47 (in Russ.).Trafimov, A. G., Kostyaev, A. I. 2018, Features of the functioning of suburban agricultural organizations, Nikon Readings, № 23, p. 151—155 (in Russ.).Trafimov, A. G., Kostyaev, A. I. 2018, Features of the functioning of suburban agricultural organizations, Nikon Readings, № 23, p. 151—155 (in Russ.).Hou, D., Meng, F., Prishchepov, A. V. 2021, How is urbanization shaping agricultural land-use? unraveling the nexus be-tween farmland abandonment and urbanization in China, Landscape and Urban Planning, № 214, art № 104170, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2021.104170Russo, P., Tomaselli, G., Pappalardo, G. 2014, Marginal periurban agricultural areas: A support method for landscape planning, Land Use Policy, № 41, p. 97—109, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.04.017Nefedova, T. G., Medvedev, A. A. 2020, Shrinkage of active space in central russia: Population dynamics and landPrishchepov, A. V., Müller, D., Dubinin, M., Baumann, M., Radeloff, V. C. 2013, Determinants of the spatial distribution of abandoned agricultural lands in the european part of russia, Spatial Economics, № 3, p. 30—62 (in Russ.).Prishchepov, A. V., Schierhorn, F., Müller, D., Kurganova, I. N., Kamp, J., Meyfroy, P. 2017, Research on land use changes in Russia and the post-Soviet space: research status and priorities, in: Landscape science: theory, methods, landscape-ecological support for nature management and sustainable development, Proceedings of the XII International Landscape Conference, p. 209—214 (in Russ.).Prishchepov, A. V., Ponkina, E. V., Sun, Z., Bavorova, M., Yekimovskaja, O. A. 2021, Study of farmer’s behavior in recultivation of abandoned farmland: Example of the republic of buryatia, Spatial Economics, vol. 17, № 3, р. 59—102, https://dx.doi.org/10.14530/se.2021.3.059-102Kostyaev, A. I., Nikonova, G. N. 2024, Dynamics of differentiation of rural North-West of Russia: main trends and features, Baltic Region, vol. 16, № 4, p. 72—99, https://dx.doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2024-4-4Chibilyov, A. A. 2016, Cartographic analysis of unused land emergence in the steppe zone of the Russian Federation, Geographical bulletin, № 2, p. 40—49, https://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2079-7877-2016-2-40-49Kumm, K.-I., Hessle, A. 2020, Economic Comparison between Pasture-Based Beef Production and Afforestation of Abandoned Land in Swedish Forest Districts, Land, vol. 9, № 2, https://doi.org/10.3390/land9020042Tsypkin, Yu. A., Korostelev, S. P. 2024, AN Alternative view on the problem of unused agricultural land, Economy, labor, management in agriculture, № 4, p. 71—77, https://doi.org/10.33938/244-71Rolinski, S., Müller, C., Prishchepov, A. V., Guggenberger, G., Bischoff, N., Kurganova, I., Schierhorn, F., Müller, D. 2021, Dynamics of soil organic carbon in the steppes of Russia and Kazakhstan under past and future climate and land use, Regional Environmental Change, vol. 21, № 3, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-021-01799-7Guggenberger, G., Bischoff, N., Shibistova, O., Muller, K., Rolinsky, S., Puzanov, A., Prishchepov, A. V., Sherhorn, F., Mikutta, R. 2021, Chapter 13, interactive effects of land use and climate on the accumulation of organic carbon in steppe soils of western Siberia, in: Kulunda: agriculture and low-emission technologies of sustainable land use. A collective monograph, Barnaul, p. 217—237.Bell, S. M., Prishchepov, A. V., Schillaci, C., Goll, D., Ciais, P. 2023, Historical and future perspectives of agricultural land abandonment and carbon sequestration, EGU General Assembly, Vienna, Austria, p. 24—28, Apr, EGU23-14564, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu23-14564Ryabtsev, V. M. 1996, Criterial approaches to assessing the degree of differences in the structure of regional economies by forms of ownership, in: Ryabtsev, V. M. Proceedings of the All-Russian scientific seminar “I mplementation and effectiveness of new forms of economic relations”, Samara, p. 8—10 (in Russ.).Persteneva, N. P. 2012, Quantitative Methods for Measuring the Transformation of Socio-Economic Systems, Samara, 80 p. (in Russ.).Fedorchenko, A. V. 2017, Quantitative evaluation and mapping of territorial shifts in the world economy branches, Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk Seriya Geograficheskaya, № 1, p. 13—19 (in Russ.).Kostiaev, A. I. 2025, Transformation of rural space in regions with large megalopolises, AIC: economics, management, № 3, p. 32—41, https://doi.org/10.33305/253-32Sukhanov, P. A. 2024, Such different soils and lands, Agricultural News, № 2, p. 52—53 (in Russ.), URL: https://agri-news.ru/zhurnal/2024/2-2024/takie-raznye-pochvy-i-zemli/ (accessed 17.06.2025).Shagaida, N. I., Svetlov, N. M., Uzun, V. Ya., Loginova, D. A., Prishchepov, A. V. 2018, Potential for growth of agricultural production in Russia due to the involvement of unused agricultural land in circulation, Moscow, 70 p. (in Russ.)Ushachev, I. G., Kolesnikov, A. V. 2024, On the need to adjust the strategy for the development of agro-industrial and fisheries complexes of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030, AIC: economics, management, № 9, р. 3—14 (in Russ.), https://doi.org/10.33305/249-3Petrikov, A. V. 2022, Priorities and mechanisms of agricultural development in Russia and its regions in the new reality, Federalism, vol. 27, № 2, p. 122—142 (in Russ.), https://doi.org/10.21686/2073-1051-2022-2-122-142Ushachev, I. G., Maslova, V. V., Zaruk, N. F., Avdeev, M. V. 2022, Mechanisms of the investment process in the agricultural complex of Russia, Herald of the Russian Academy Of Sciences, vol. 92, № 2, p. 140—149 (in Russ.), https://doi.org/ 10.31857/S0869587322020104Рынок труда в сфере туризма Калининградской области: пространственные особенностиA. V.LialinaImmanuel Kant Baltic Federal Universityhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8479-413XA. V.MitrofanovaImmanuel Kant Baltic Federal Universityhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9565-8574E. G.KropinovaImmanuel Kant Baltic Federal Universityhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6971-7275A. P.PlotnikovaImmanuel Kant Baltic Federal Universityhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5502-8866Under mounting demographic pressures, restrictions on recruiting foreign labour, and an economy-wide wage race, competition for workers in the tourism sector has intensified considerably. This pressure is further exacerbated by the rapid growth of domestic tourism and the incorporation of new territories into the tourism landscape. These challenges are fully characteristic of the Kaliningrad region; however, efforts to address workforce shortages have become significantly more complex since 2022, owing to the heightened structural costs associated with the region’s exclave status. The objective of this study is to identify and evaluate spatial disparities in the development of the tourism labour market in the Kaliningrad region and, on this basis, to propose measures aimed at strengthening human-resource capacity. The empirical basis of this study is drawn from statistical data from Rosstat and its regional office (Kaliningradstat) concerning tourism development in the region. In addition, the analysis uses data from the Ministry of Social Policy of the Kaliningrad region on labour force demand, as well as information from the SPARK-Interfax database on accommodation and food-service enterprises, disaggregated by municipality. General scientific, statistical, and cartographic methods were employed to process and interpret the data. The findings indicate that the spatial evolution of the regional labour market reflects a gradual eastward shift in tourism activities and increasing engagement in the near and distant suburbs of the regional centre — areas that had previously been less affected by tourism development. At the same time, this expansion is driven primarily by the growth of the food-service sector, while the involvement of the working-age population in formal employment in the accommodation sector remains limited. Enhancing human-resource potential in these areas requires adapting the vocational training system in cooperation with representatives of the tourism industry and improving mechanisms supporting labour mobility.0604202616018310.5922/2079-8555-2025-4-8https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/15976/88974/Lialina, A. V., Gumenyuk, I. S., Plotnikova, A. P. 2025, Internal Migration in Kaliningrad Oblast: New and Old Tendencies, Economy of Regions, vol. 21, № 2, p. 514—529, https://doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2025-2-18Kropinova, E. G., Mitrofanova, A. V. 2022, Updated approaches to zoning and division into tourist districts for the purposes of spatial planning and design of tourist activities, Geographical Bulletin, № 4, p. 135—148, https://doi.org/10.17072/2079-7877-2022-4-135-148Plotnikova, A. P. 2025, Spatial Features of the labor potential distribution in the Kaliningrad region, Geographical Bulletin, № 2, p. 17—30, https://doi.org/10.17072/2079-7877-2025-2-17-30Ibrahem, D., Eid, N., Khalil, R. 2020, The Impact of Obstacles to Implementing Electronic Management Programs on The Development of Workers in Tourism Companies, Journal of Association of Arab Universities for Tourism and Hospitality, vol. 19, № 1, p. 208—223, https://doi.org/10.21608/jaauth.2020.43621.1075Hojeghan, S. B., Esfangareh, A. N. 2011, Digital economy and tourism impacts, influences and challenges, Procedia — Social and Behavioral Sciences, № 19, p. 308— 316, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.05.136Akeh, L. B. 2021, Emerging Dynamics in Tourism Industry Workforce Mobility in Southern Cross River State, Nigeria, Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, vol. 12, № 6, p. 56, https://doi.org/10.36941/mjss-2021-0056Baum, T., Mooney, S. K. K., Robinson, R. N. S., Solnet, D. 2020, COVID-19’s impact on the hospitality workforce — new crisis or amplification of the norm?, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, vol. 32, № 9, p. 2813—2829, https://doi.org/10.1108/ijchm-04-2020-0314Hampton, M. P., Jeyacheya, J., Lee, D. 2017, The political economy of dive tourism: precarity at the periphery in Malaysia, Tourism Geographies, vol. 20, № 1, p. 107— 126, https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2017.1357141Hemmington, N., Neill, L. 2021, Hospitality business longevity under COVID-19: The impact of COVID-19 on New Zealand’s hospitality industry, Tourism and Hospitality Research, vol. 22, № 1, p. 102—114, https://doi.org/10.1177/1467358421993875Martins, A., Riordan, T., Dolnicar, S. 2020, A post-COVID-19 model of tourism and hospitality workforce resilience, https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/4qugaGan, J. E., Lim, J. P. S., Poon, W. C., Thuraiselvam, S. 2023, Rights awareness and COVID-19 tourism job losses: perspectives from Malaysia, Current Issues in Tourism, № 27 (2), p. 171—177, https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2023.2203851Li, J. 2005, Research into the Development of Tourism Economy and the Cultivation of Tourism Talents in Chongqing, Journal of Chongqing Vocational & Technical Institute, vol. 14, № 2, p. 78—80, URL: https://www.lens.org/lens/scholar/article/179-355-245-595-175/main (accessed 12.08.2025).Abd El-Karim, A. 2019, Effect of Talent Management Strategies on Improving the Organizational loyalty to Egyptian Hotel workers, Journal of Association of Arab Universities for Tourism and Hospitality, vol. 17, iss. 1, p. 138—148, https://doi.org/10.21608/jaauth.2019.76474Korneevets, V. S., Semenova, L. V., Yakovenko, N. V. 2023, Modeling the social responsibility of the hospitality industry as a factor of sustainable development of a travel destination of the Kaliningrad region, Russia, South of Russia: ecology, development, vol. 18, № 3, p. 201—209 (in Russ.), https://doi.org/10.18470/1992-10982023-3-201-209Wang, H. 2023, Research on the Current Situation and Countermeasures of Tourism Employment in Lishui City under the All-region Tourism, Pacific International Journal, vol. 6, № 1, p. 42—48, https://doi.org/10.55014/pij.v6i1.304Fajar, N., Haning, M. T., Yunus, M. 2024, Pengembangan Kapasitas (Capacity Building) Sumber Daya Manusia Desa Wisata Di Desa Pao Kecamatan Tombolo Pao Kabupaten Gowa, Kolaborasi : Jurnal Administrasi Publik, vol. 9, № 3, p. 347—357, https://doi.org/10.26618/kjap.v9i3.11843Thi Dang, T. D. 2023, Factors affecting local people’s participation in tourism activities, VNUHCM Journal of Economics — Law and Management, vol. 7, № 4, p. 4878—4886, https://doi.org/10.32508/stdjelm.v7i4.1281Anokhin, A. Yu., Dolgushina, E. A. 2023, Transformation of the tourism market and consumer behavior in conditions of economic and political instability, Regional resources and modern trends in tourism development: Proceedings of the Second All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference, Kostroma, December 1—2, 2023, Kostroma, Kostroma State University, p. 101—107 (in Russ.).Andreychenko, E. V., Mukhina, I. I. 2022, Tourism And hospitality industry’s labor of market: crisis or new opportunities, Topical issues of the modern economy, № 10, p. 166—182. https://doi.org/10.34755/IROK.2022.13.16.015Andreichenko, E. V., Mukhina, I. I. 2024, Еmployers’ proposals in conditions of personnel shortage: dynamics of in-demand professions, Social Novelties and Social Sciences, № 2, p. 116— 135, https://doi.org/10.31249/snsn/2024.02.07Tomakova, I. A., Fedorova, A. R., Bredikhin, V. V. 2024, The Regional Labor Market in the Field of Tourism and the Hotel Industry in the Context of the Transformation of the Russian Economy, Proceedings of the Southwest State University. Series: Economics. Sociology. Management, vol. 13, № 6, p. 84—97, https://doi.org/10.21869/2223-1552-2023-13-6-84-97Averin, A. N., Ponedelkov, A. V., Kumykov, A. M., Kankulova, L. A. 2025, National projects «Human resources» and «Tourism and hospitality» as tools for achieving the national goals of the Russian Federation, Humanities, social and economic sciences, and public sciences, № 8, p. 13—20 (in Russ.), https://doi.org/10.24412/2220-2404-2025-8-2Evgrafova, L. V., Rokotyanskaya, V. 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