NONE20260606220053015Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal Universityno-reply@balticregion.kantiana.ruImmanuel Kant Baltic Federal UniversityBaltic Region2079-85552310-052406062026172Интеграционная динамика в условиях кризиса: к новой интерпретативной моделиA. A.Baykovhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0432-4603A. C.Crowley-Vigneauhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7466-2451N. Ya.Neklyudovhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1240-4339T.Zhanghttps://orcid.org/0009-0000-9793-0703The goal of this study is to investigate the non-linear impact of crises on integrative structures through theoretical, empirical, and comparative analysis of four cases. This paper proposes a novel explanatory model of how integrative structures respond to various crisis junctures. The authors test the hypothesis that it is not the nature or intensity of the crisis, but rather the maturity and depth of integrative groupings’ institutional arrangements — along with the actual balance of power between governance levels—that ultimately determine whether the organization consolidates further or begins to disintegrate. Based on a survey of 409 specifically selected experts on integration, the study reveals that strongly integrated unions tend to strengthen during crises but often experience disintegrative backlash once the crisis subsides. Conversely, weakly integrated unions tend to loosen their ties during crises but regain their capacity for cooperation shortly thereafter. This model is explored through four case studies that consider how the 2022 and ongoing Ukraine conflict affected the EU (with a special focus on the energy crisis), NATO, BRICS and a quasi-integrated network of world-class universities. The findings show that policy responses to crises should be specifically calibrated to the integration model that the organisation follows.0606202612910.5922/2079-8555-2025-2-1https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/15893/85852/Mayne, R. 1967, The Role of Jean Monnet, Government and Opposition, vol. 2, № 3, p. 349—371, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.1967.tb01172.xSchimmelfennig, F. 2024, Crisis and polity formation in the European Union, Journal of European Public Policy, vol. 31, № 10, p. 3396—3420, https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2024.2313107Haas, E. B. 1958, The Uniting of Europe Stanford: Stanford Univ. Press, URL: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/100books/file/EN-H-BW-0038-The-uniting-of-Europe.pdf (accessed 11.11.2024).Bellamy, R., Castiglione, D. 2013, Three models of democracy, political community and representation in the EU, Journal of European Public Policy, vol. 20, № 2, p. 206—223, https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2013.746118Ruggie, J. G., Katzenstein, P. 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G. 1997, Consolidating the European pillar: The key to NATO’s future, Washington Quarterly, vol. 20, № 1, p. 109—124. EDN: HKQAZV, https://doi.org/10.1080/01636609709550232Jensen, T. 2009, The Democratic Deficit of the European Union, Living Reviews in Democracy, 1, URL: https://cis.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/cis-dam/CIS_DAM_2015/WorkingPapers/Living_Reviews_Democracy/Jensen.pdf (accessed 11.11.2024).Checkel, J. T. 2007, Constructivism and EU politics. In: Handbook of European Union Politics, London, p. 57—76, URL: /https://api.pageplace.de/preview/DT0400.9781446206492_A24010407/preview-9781446206492_A24010407.pdf (accessed 11.11.2024).Entin, M. L., Entina, E. G., Voynikov, V. V. 2022, New principles of resource distribution in the EU and their impact on the countries of the Baltic region, Baltic Region, vol. 14, № 1, p. 122—137. EDN: EQONRB, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2022-1-8Havlík, V., Hloušek, V. 2023, Breaching the EU governance by decompression, Journal of European Integration, vol. 46, № 3, p. 279—296, https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2023.2276286Schmidt, V. A. 2020, Europe’s crisis of legitimacy: Governing by rules and ruling by numbers in the eurozone, Oxford University Press, https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797050.001.0001van Meurs, W., de Bruin, R., van de Grift, L., Hoetink, C., van Leeuwen, K., Reijnen, C. 2018, The Unfinished History of European Integration, Amsterdam University Press, https://doi.org/10.1515/9789048540198Dymova, L., Baykov, A. 2016, European Integration from Theoretical Perspective, International Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy, vol. 14, № 2, p. 217—220, https://doi.org/10.17994/IT.2016.14.2.45/17Savorskaya, E. 2015, The concept of the European Union’s normative power, Baltic Region, № 4, p. 66—76. EDN: YIXDBP, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2015-4-5Boin, A., t’Hart, P., Stern, E., Sundelius, B. 2016, The politics of crisis management: Public leadership under pressure, 2nd ed., Cambridge University Press, https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316339756Webber, D. 2014, How likely is it that the European Union will disintegrate? A critical analysis of competing theoretical perspectives, European Journal of International Relations, vol. 20, № 2, p. 341—365, https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066112461286Hirschmann, G. 2023, Crisis management in international organisations: the League of Nations’ response to early challenges, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, vol. 37, № 5, p. 573—591, https://doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2023.2271984Deitelhoff, N., Zimmermann, L. 2020, Things we lost in the fire: How different types of contestation affect the robustness of international norms, International studies review, vol. 22, № 1, p. 51—76, https://doi.org/10.1093/isr/viy080Duchek, S. 2020, Organizational resilience: a capability-based conceptualization, Business Research, vol. 13, № 1, p. 215—246. EDN: SCACCY, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40685-019-0085-7Barnett, M. N., Finnemore, M. 1999, The Politics, Power, and Pathologies of International Organizations, International organization, vol. 53, № 4, p. 699—732. EDN: DBSTUN, https://doi.org/10.1162/002081899551048Jones, E., Daniel Kelemen, R., Meunier, S. 2021, Failing forward? Crises and patterns of European integration, Journal of European Public Policy, vol. 28, № 10, p. 1519—1536. EDN: OGVYBT, https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2021.1954068Crowley-Vigneau, A., Baykov, A., Gao, A. 2024, Diplomats on BRICS: Drawbacks and benefits of cooperation without integration, Terra Economicus, vol. 22, № 2, p. 124—137. EDN: DXLMQN, https://doi.org/10.18522/2073-6606-2024-22-2-124-137Правовые аспекты использования странами ЕС доходов от российских суверенных активовV. V.Voynikovhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1495-3227The issue of using frozen Russian sovereign assets has remained at the centre of political and expert debate for nearly three years. In 2024, the G7 decided to allocate profits generated from these assets to service a syndicated loan intended to finance military and other forms of assistance to Ukraine. In early 2024, within the framework of its sanctions policy, the European Union adopted a set of legislative instruments designed to establish a Union-level legal mechanism for appropriating the profits derived from the investment of frozen Russian sovereign assets. This decision poses a serious challenge to modern international law and the system of international relations. This article seeks to outline the key characteristics of the EU-agreed mechanism for the utilization of Russian sovereign assets, with a view to evaluating its consistency with international law and the legal framework of the European Union itself. In pursuit of this aim, the author examines the legal dimension of the mechanism for the expropriation of profits from the use of Russian sovereign assets and attempts to model its potential implications, including possible countermeasures by the Russian Federation. The analysis leads to the conclusion that the mechanism as adopted may result in a breach of the Russian Federation’s sovereign property rights, as well as other foundational principles of international law. Moreover, the EU’s decision to channel profits from Russian sovereign assets into the EU’s ownership raises a number of additional legal conflicts under both national and EU law.06062026304810.5922/2079-8555-2025-2-2https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/15893/85854/Подход ФРГ к взаимодействию с Республикой Польшей в сфере безопасности и обороны (к середине 2020-х годов)Ph. O.Trunovhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-7092-4864This article examines the evolution of German-Polish cooperation in the political and military spheres. Methodologically, it draws on comparative analysis and the theoretical framework of armed forces development. Against the backdrop of heightened confrontation between the Euro-Atlantic community and Russia, Poland’s strategic orientation has echoed that of West Germany during the Cold War. Poland has asserted its role as the largest NATO member state on the alliance’s eastern border. It has significantly expanded its armed forces, and has become a key host of the large US military contingent. Poland expects to join the group of ‘Western powers’. Concurrently, Germany has also strengthened its role within NATO. This has resulted in a complex dynamic of both cooperation and strategic rivalry between Germany and Poland. Germany has conceptually and practically emphasized the Weimar Triangle as a platform for representing EU interests, particularly in the post-Soviet space. In the 2010s, however, Poland suspended the activities of the Weimar Triangle and bilateral intergovernmental consultations in an effort to limit German influence. By the mid-2020s, both formats had been reactivated, and Germany had consolidated its position in relation to the Republic of Poland (RP). This shift was driven by Germany’s growing influence in Eastern Europe beyond Poland and shared concerns about the weakening of Western influence in Ukraine and the broader post-Soviet region. Poland rapidly expanded its armed forces, becoming NATO’s third-largest military by personnel in 2024. Germany has been more inert in its response, yet it has employed the Bundeswehr more rationally — particularly in the region considered a ‘domestic’ one — by establishing a ground presence both to its north and south. The article concludes by assessing the future trajectory of German-Polish security cooperation and the implications for the defence strategies of Russia and Belarus.06062026497210.5922/2079-8555-2025-2-3https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/15893/85855/World War II. The results and the lessons, 1985, Moscow, Voenizdat, 448 p.Rubinskiy, Yu. I. 2017, German-Polish relations and the Weimar Triangle, Sovremennaya Evropa, vol. 73, № 1, p. 123—126, https://doi.org/10.15211/soveurope120173844Trunov, Ph. O. 2024, The theory and practice of formats of intergovernmental consultations functioning: the case of Germany, International Organizations Research Journal, vol. 19, № 2, p. 55—68, https://doi.org/10.17323/1996-7845-2024-02-03Balcer, A., Blusz, K., Schmieg, E. 2017, Germany, Poland and the future of transatlantic community, Warsaw, Wise Europe, 36 p., URL: https://wise-europa.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/GermanyPoland_and_the_future_of_transatlantic_community1.pdf (accessed 07.02.2025).Belov, V. B. 2018, European vector of foreign policy of the new German government, Sovremennaya Evropa, № 4, p. 46—56, https://doi.org/10.15211/soveurope420184656Nemensky, O. 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O. 2019, Current German-Polish relations: Political-military dimension, Urgent Problems of Europe, № 3, p. 169—190, https://doi.org/10.31249/ape/2019.03.08Lang, K.-O. 2018, Deutschland und Polen: Kooperation trotz Differenzen, SWP-Aktuell, № 12, 8 p., URL: https://www.swp-berlin.org/publikation/deutschland-und-polen-kooperation-trotz-differenzen (accessed 07.02.2025).Trunov, Ph. O. 2024, Features of Intergovernmental consultations. The case of Germany, Sovremennaya Evropa, № 2, p. 45—56, https://doi.org/10.31857/S0201708324020049Trunov, Ph. O. 2022, The evolution of NATO’s Forward Presence Force by mid-2022, Russia and the contemporary world, № 4, p. 100—122, https://doi.org/10.31249/rsm/2022.04.06Klemeshev, A. P., Vorozheina, Ya. A. 2018, National-conservative turn of Poland in geopolitical context, Polis (Russian Federation), № 5, p. 17—28, https://doi.org/10.17976/jpps/2018.05.03Dyrina, A. F. 2023, Poland elects «Law and Justice»: the party’s success in the 2015 and 2020 elections, Urgent Problems of Europe, № 2, p. 91—108, https://doi.org/10.31249/ape/2023.02.05Dyrina, A. F. 2023, Poland on the eve of the 2023 parliamentary elections: Polish right preparing for a third term, Urgent Problems of Europe, № 4, p. 313—330 (in Russ.), https://doi.org/10.31249/ape/2023.04.15Lang, K.-O. 2023, Die Welt der PiS, Berlin, Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, S. 12, 39 p., https://doi.org/10.18449/2023S12Dyrina, A. F. 2023, Results of parliamentary elections in Poland (2023): new government led by D. Tusk, Urgent Problems of Europe, № 4, p. 107—122 (in Russ.), https://doi.org/10.31249/ape/2024.02.06Klemeshev, A. P., Vorozheina, Ya. A. 2022, Kaliningrad oblast in changing geopolitical situation in Europe, National strategy issues, № 4, p. 243—255, https://doi.org/10.52311/2079-3359Zverev, Yu. M. 2023, Three Russian Baltic regions in the context of confrontation between Russia and the West, Baltic Region, vol. 15, № 4, p. 24—41, https://doi.org/ 10.5922/2079-8555-2023-4-2Zverev, Yu. M., Mezhevich, N. M. 2024, Militarization of Poland and possible responses of the union state within the framework of the theory of regional security complexes, Kaliningrad, Baltic Federal University, 126 p. (in Russ.).Zverev, Yu. M., Mezhevich, N. M. 2022, The Republic of Belarus and the Kaliningrad Region of Russia as a sub-regional security complex, Baltic Region, vol. 14, № 3, p. 64—82, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2022-3-4Ovcharuk, A. P. 2024, Poland’s policy in the Ukrainian crisis and its consequences for Russia, The Herald of the Diplomatic Academy of the MFA of Russia. Russia and the World, № 1, p. 110—124 (in Russ.).Rusakova, M. Yu. 2021, Poland and new trends in Central European regional configuration, Sovremennaya Evropa, № 101 (1), p. 52—61, https://doi.org/10.15211/soveurope120215261Bitkova, T. G., Dyrina, A. F. 2024, The place of Central and Eastern Europe in the US — China rivalry: cases of Poland and Romania, Urgent Problems of Europe, № 4, p. 260—277, https://doi.org/10.31249/ape/2024.04.14Trunov, Ph. O. 2022, The German model of military reforms, Moscow, INION RAS, 360 p. (in Russ.).Fleckenstein, B. 1990, Fremde Truppen im Vereinigten Deutschland — Gegenwärtige Situation und künftige Aussichten, SOWI-Arbeitspapier, № 44, 12 p.Trunov, Ph. O. 2024, Burden-sharing between Western states in containing Russia and China Case of Land forces usage, Mezhdunarodnye Protsessy, vol. 22, № 1, p. 80— 105, https://doi.org/10.46272/IT.2024.22.1.76.4Trunov, Ph. O. 2024, The evolution of the US military presence in Europe (2017—2023), USA & Canada: Economics, Politics, Culture, № 10, p. 64—80, https://doi.org/10.31857/S2686673024100058Major, C., Swistek, G. 2022, Die NATO nach dem Gipfel von Madrid, SWP-Aktuell, № 48, A 49, 8 p., https://doi.org/10.18449/2022A49Menon, R., Rumer, E. 2015, Conflict in Ukraine. The Unwinding of the Post-Cold War Order, Boston, Boston Review Book, 220 p.Ondarza von, N. 2019, Der No-Deal Brexit, Forschungsgruppe EU / Europa, AR, № 1, 24 p.Ondarza von, N. 2019, Der No-Deal Brexit, Forschungsgruppe EU / Europa, AR, № 1, 24 p.Mills, C. 2023, Military assistance to Ukraine since the Russian invasion, London, House of Commons Library, 69 p.Trunov, Ph. O. 2024, Strengthening of ground forces as an indicator of Poland’s foreign policy priorities, Scientific and Analytical Herald of IE RAS, № 3, p. 31—41 (in Russ.), https://doi.org/10.15211/vestnikieran320243141Оценка уровня развития и современного состояния сельских территорий стран БалтииA. D.Zhukovskiihttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5383-2156The article assesses the development level and current state of rural areas in the Baltic States, with a particular focus on Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia. The primary objective of the study is to identify key aspects of agricultural production, demographic trends in rural areas, and the socio-economic challenges these territories face, as well as to develop recommendations for their sustainable and inclusive growth. The research methodology adopts an interdisciplinary approach, incorporating demographic, economic, social, and environmental dimensions of rural development. The study employs comparative, systemic and statistical data analyses. For a more in-depth examination, methods of economic-geographical analysis and document analysis of European Union policies — particularly the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) — are utilized. The findings highlight both shared and country-specific issues affecting rural areas in the Baltic States, such as depopulation, aging of the population, high unemployment, low employment rates, and disparities in infrastructure. Special attention is given to agricultural trends, including the impact of EU agricultural policies, structural transformations in the agricultural sector, and the adoption of innovative technologies. The study underscores the importance of enhancing government support for agriculture, implementing sustainable production practices, and improving the overall quality of life in rural areas. This article provides a foundation for future research, including the exploration of the role and significance of integrating rural areas into national and European economic frameworks, enhancing governmental and international support mechanisms, and developing targeted programs aimed at improving rural living standards. These programmes are intended to involve local communities, including parish councils, farmers’ unions, and business associations.06062026739910.5922/2079-8555-2025-2-4https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/15895/85886/Shaimardanova, V. V. 2021, The Functional structure of non-urbanized territories: problems and prospects, Geopolitics and Ecogeodynamics of regions, vol. 7, № 3, p. 367—375 (in Russ.). EDN: RVFFCRTatarchuk, T. V. 2022, Rural territories: scientific and theoretical foundations of the essence and modern problems of their sustainable development, Economics: yesterday, today, tomorrow, vol. 12, № 3-2, p. 548—555 (in Russ.), https://doi.org/10.34670/AR.2022.51.59.014Sheveleva, R. N. 2016, Modern condition of researches in the field of non-urbanized territories development, State Power and Local Self-government, № 7, p. 29—32 (in Russ.). EDN: WGEQGPSychova, N. 2024, Foreign approaches to the defining and development typologies of rural areas , Agrarian Economics, № 10, p. 84—96 (in Russ.), https://doi.org/10.29235/1818-9806-2024-10-84-96Kotov, A. V. 2024, Strategic spatial development in the European Union, Moscow, RAS (in Russ.).Leksin, V. N. 2024, Development as a key evaluative concept of spatial system transformation, Baltic Region, vol. 16, № 3, p. 4—20, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2024-3-1Kuznetsova, E. G., Moiseev, O. B. 2024, Spatial development as a factor in the growth of the socio-economic life of the rural population, in: Topical issues of economics, collection of scientific papers, Cheboksary, I. N. Ulyanov Chuvash State University, p. 139—143. EDN: JKLRSP (in Russ.).Kosyakova, L. N., Kosyakov, N. N., Popova, A. L. 2022, The problems of rural territories in the aspect of modern concepts of spatial development, Proceedings of the International Academy of Agrarian Education, № 62, p. 117—122. EDN: ZEIKSU (in Russ.).Klemeshev, A. P., Korneevets, V. S., Palmovsky, T. 2017, Approaches to the definition of the concept of the “Baltic region”, Baltic Region, vol. 9, № 4, p. 7—28, https://doi.org/10.5922/2074-9848-2017-4-1Fedorov, G. M., Zotov, S. Yu., Kuznetsova, T. Yu., Chasovsky, V. I. 2016, Baltic region: its composition and inner structure, Regional Research, № 2, p. 113—121. EDN: WHTRIV (in Russ.).Kaledin, N. V., Yelatskov, A. B. 2024, Geopolitical regionalization of the Baltic area: the essence and historical dynamics, Baltic Region, vol. 16, № 1, p. 141—158, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2024-1-8Šešelgytė, M. 2019, Baltic Concerns and Moderate Engagement, L’Europe en Formation, № 2, p. 177—193.Gagliardi, L., Percoco, M. 2016, The impact of European Cohesion Policy in urban and rural regions, Regional Studies, vol. 51, № 6, p. 857—868, https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2016.1179384Izvorski, I., Lokshin, M., Renee, J., Norfleet, R., Singer, D., Torre, I. 2023, Weak Growth, High Inflation, and a Cost-of-Living Crisis, Europe and Central Asia Economic Update (Spring), Washington, DC, World Bank, https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1- 4648-1982-7Manakov, A. G., Suvorkov, P. E., Stanaitis, S. A. 2017, Population Aging as a Socio-demographic problem in the Baltic region, Baltic Region, vol. 9, № 1, p. 79—95, https://doi.org/10.5922/2074-9848-2017-1-5Shibaeva, E. I. 2019, Disappearing Baltics: demographic situation in Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia, Post—Soviet Continent, № 4, p. 41—54. EDN: ZQSUGX (in Russ.).Fedorov, G. M., Kinder, S., Kuznetsova, T. Yu. 2021, The effect of geographical position and employment fluctuations on rural settlement trends, Baltic Region, vol. 13, № 4, p. 129—146, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2021-4-8Golovina, S. G., Abilova, E. V., Smirnova, L. N. 2021, State support for rural areas in the European Union: content and results of reform, Bulletin of Chelyabinsk State University, № 10, p. 59—69 (in Russ.), https://doi.org/10.47475/1994-2796-2021-11006Verkulevičiūtė-Kriukienė, D., Bučienė, A., Čepienė, E. 2021, Depopulation of coastal rural Lithuania: Do regional parks stabilise the situation?, Baltic Region, vol. 13, № 2, p. 90—111, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2021-2-5Fedorov, G. M. 2023, Demographic processes in the Baltic macro-region (1990—2022), Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Earth Sciences, vol. 68, № 4, p. 798—816, https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu07.2023.411 (in Russ.).Razumovsky, V. M. 2009, The experience of the European Union in implementing the strategy of multifunctional rural development, Economics and Management, № 11, p. 36—41. EDN: KZCATX (in Russ.).Lugovskoi, S. I., Zvyagintseva, O. S., Grudina, O. N. 2022, European experience in rural development management, Economics: yesterday, today, tomorrow, vol. 12, № 10-1, p. 142—152 (in Russ.), https://doi.org/ 10.34670/AR.2022.77.12.039Dolgikh, O. S., Novikova, T. V., Manshin, А. А. 2020, Ecological agriculture in countries EU: regulatory framework, Vestnik Altaiskoi Akademii Ehkonomiki I Prava, № 4-3, p. 313—321 (in Russ.), https://doi.org/10.17513/vaael.1089Amirov, D. K. 2024, The Legal policy of the European Union in the field of development of environmentally friendly agriculture, Eurasian Advocacy (Evraziiskaya Advokatura), № 5, p. 178—184 (in Russ.), https:// doi.org/10.52068/2304-9839_2024_70_5_178Drynochkin, A. V. 2023, Economic transformation of Eastern European countries: from applauds to scepsis, World and national economy, № 2 (in Russ.).Drynochkin, A. V. 2024, How beneficial is EU membership for CEE countries: an attempt of critical analysis, Sovremennaya Evropa, № 3, p. 125—137 (in Russ.), https://doi.org/10.31857/S0201708324030100Mezhevich, N. M. 2015, The Baltic economic model: some results of the 1990—2015 transformations, Baltic Region, vol. 7, № 4, p. 27—50, https://doi.org/10.5922/2074-9848-2015-4-2Govorova, N. V. 2024, Socio-economic transformations in the Baltic countries, Scientific and Analytical Bulletin of the IE RAS, № 5, p. 51—60 (in Russ.), https://doi.org/10.15211/vestnikieran520245160Granberg, A. G., Suspitsyn, S. A. 1988, Introduction to system modeling of the national economy, Novosibirsk, Nauka (in Russ.).Lanko, D. A. 2014, The Baltic region in international politics: on the issue of modeling the regionalization process, Studia Humanitatis Borealis, № 1, p. 30—41. EDN: YJTDGD (in Russ.).Maksimtsev, I. A., Mezhevich, N. M., Koroleva, A. V. 2017, Economic development of the Baltic and the Nordic countries: characteristics of еconomic models, Baltic Region, vol. 9, № 1, p. 60—78, https://doi.org/10.5922/2074-9848-2017-1-4Maksimtsev, I. A., Mezhevich, N. M., Koroleva, A. V. 2017, Economic development of the Baltic and the Nordic countries: characteristics of еconomic models, Baltic Region, vol. 9, № 1, p. 60—78, https://doi.org/10.5922/2074-9848-2017-1-4Maksimtsev, I. A., Mezhevich, N. M., Koroleva, A. V. 2017, Economic development of the Baltic and the Nordic countries: characteristics of еconomic models, Baltic Region, vol. 9, № 1, p. 60—78, https://doi.org/10.5922/2074-9848-2017-1-4Zhukovsky, I. I. 2024, The model of international relations in the Baltic Sea region: political shifts and current challenges, Baltic Region, vol. 16, № 4, p. 145—160, https://doi org/10.5922/2079-8555-2024-4-7Vorotnikov, V. V. 2021, The Baltic Countries in 2020—2021: the test of the “coronacrisis”, Visegrad Europe Central European Journal, № 4, p. 36—50. EDN: YFTMAV (in Russ.).Kaledin, N. V., Yelatskov, A. B. 2024, Geopolitical regionalization of the Baltic area: the essence and historical dynamics, Baltic Region, vol. 16, № 1, p. 141—158, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2024-1-8Teslya, P. N. 2022, The Baltic economies after independence, ECO, № 5, p. 60—87 (in Russ.), https://doi.org/10.30680/ECO0131-7652-2022-5-60-87Dandashly, A., Verdun, A. 2020, Euro adoption policies in the second decade — the remarkable cases of the Baltic States, Journal of European Integration, vol. 42, № 3, p. 381—397, https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2020.1730355Zverev, Yu. M., Mezhevich, N. M. 2019, Approaches to the Typology of European Small Countries (Case of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania), Polis. Political Studies, vol. 28, № 5, p. 181—191 (in Russ.), https://doi.org/10.17976/jpps/2019.05.13Klemeshev, A. P. 2024, Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia: socio-economic and political development, Moscow, INFRA-M.Vorontsova, N. V. 2021, The relationship between global trends and rural development policies (based on international experience), Journal of International Economic Affairs, vol. 11, № 1, p. 221—235 (in Russ.), https://doi.org/10.18334/eo .11.1.111784Pivovarova, O. V., Dudnik, A. I. 2023, Mechanisms for the development of non-urbanized territories: analysis of world experience, Agrarian Science, № 1, p. 160—166 (in Russ.), https://doi.org/10.32634/0869-8155-2023-375-10-160-166Biegańska, J., Środa-Murawska, S., Kruzmetra, Z., Swiaczny, F. 2018, Peri-Urban Development as a Significant Rural Development Trend, Quaestiones Geographicae, vol. 37, № 2, р. 125—140, https://doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2018-0019Arbatova, N. K. 2023, The Baltic States and the EU Strategic Autonomy, World Economy and International Relations, vol. 67, № 8, p. 26—36 (in Russ.), https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2023-67-8-26-36Åslund, A. 2016, Why Have the Baltic Tigers Been So Successful?, CESifoForum, ifo Institute — Leibniz Institute for Economic Research at the University of Munich, vol. 16 (04), p. 3—8, January.Volodkin, A. A. 2021, The main vectors of the foreign policy of Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia in 1991—2014, Minsk, Belorusskaya Nauka (in Russ.).Vacas-Soriano, C. 2024, Developments in income inequality and the middle class in the EU, Eurofound. Publications Office of the European Union, https://doi.org/10.2806/477653Kochetkov, Yu., Masharsky, A. 2023, Macroeconomic instability in the Baltic States, Sociālo Zinātņu Vēstnesis=Social Sciences Bulletin, vol. 37, № 2, p. 25—44 (in Russ.), https://doi.org/10.9770/szv.2023.2(2)Sberegaev, N. A. 2022, Dynamics of economic development of the EU countries (Baltic region), Baltic Economic Journal, № 4, p. 65—79 (in Russ.), https://doi.org/10.46845/2073-3364-2022-0-4-65-79Voronov, V. V. 2022, Small towns of Latvia: disparities in regional and urban development, Baltic Region, vol. 14, № 4, p. 39—56, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2022-4-3Govorova, N. V. 2018, European Pillar of Social Rights, Scientific and Analytical Herald of IE RAS, № 2, p. 168—173 (in Russ.), https://doi.org/10.15211/vestnikieran2201825Ryazantsev, S. V., Molodikova, I. N., Vorobeva, O. D. 2022, Between the Eurasian and European subsystems: migration and migration policy in the cis and Baltic countries in the 1990s—2020s, Baltic Region, vol. 14, № 2, p. 115—143, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2022-2-8Carey, M. 2019, The Common Agricultural Policy’s New Delivery Model Post-2020: National Administration Perspective, EuroChoices, vol. 18, № 1, p. 11—17, https://doi.org/10.1111/1746-692X.12218Автотранспортная развитость территории Латвии в контексте пространственного неравенстваV. F.Komarovahttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9829-622XO. P.Ruzahttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6194-3841B. M.Heimanishttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-2482-6184I.Arbidanehttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9762-3874I.OstrovskaThis study is dedicated to the analysis of the state of automobile transport development of Latvian territories within the broader context of spatial inequality regarding economic productivity and environmental sustainability. The object of analysis comprises 43 Latvian municipalities, examined using statistical and fiscal data from 2022—2023. Given the country’s pronounced monocentric structure and population density asymmetries, correlation analysis and two-step hierarchical cluster analysis were employed to typologise territories based on characteristics of automobile transport infrastructure, economic indicators, and ecological risks. As a result, five stable territorial types were identified, displaying significant differences in levels of automobile transport provision, integration into the national economic space, and environmental load. Central cities generally benefit from concentrated investment and denser transport networks, while peripheral areas are characterised by limited infrastructure access and less favourable environmental conditions. A notable exception is Ventspils, which — despite its peripheral geographical position — was classified as a central-type territory owing to its infrastructure and economic attributes. The study concludes that a differentiated transport policy is essential — one that accounts for the unique characteristics of different territories and seeks to mitigate the effects of the center-periphery divide. The proposed empirical model provides a basis for formulating territorially sensitive strategies to promote the development of automobile transport, while concurrently aligning with sustainable development goals.0606202610012110.5922/2079-8555-2025-2-5https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/15895/85888/Balodis, J. 2022, Pasaules valstu ražīguma un produktivitātes atkarība no transporta attistītības. Meņšikovs, V. (ed.), Starptautiskās zinātniskās konferences “Sociālās zinātnes reģionālajai attīstībai 2021” materiāli, III daļa, Ekonomika, Daugavpils, Daugavpils Universitāte, p. 5—19.Balodis, J. 2023, Teritorijas transporta attistītības novērtēšanas metodoloģija. Meņšikovs, V. (ed.), Starptautiskās zinātniskās konferences “Sociālās zinātnes reģionālajai attīstībai 2022” materiāli, III daļa, Ekonomika, Daugavpils, Daugavpils Universitāte, p. 5—21.Achten, S., Lessmann, C. 2020, Spatial inequality, geography and economic activity, World Development, vol. 136, art. 105114. EDN: YBQGQF, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105114Kanbur, R., Venables, T. 2005, Introduction: Spatial inequality and development, Journal of Economic Geography, vol. 5, № 1, p. 1—2, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnlecg/lbh059Korshenkov, E., Ignatyev, S., Dembovsky, V. 2019, Theoretical and methodological framework of the investigation of productivity and efficiency in the regional economics, Sociālo Zinātņu Vēstnesis = Vestnik sotsial’nykh nauk, vol. 29, № 2, p. 25—64, https://doi.org/10.9770/szv.2019.2(2)Korshenkov, E., Ignatyev, S. 2020, Empirical interpretation and measurement of the productivity and efficiency of regions: the case of Latvia, Insights into Regional Development, vol. 2, № 2, р. 549—561. EDN: BDZLTA, https://doi.org/10.9770/IRD.2020.2.2(4)Perrings, C. 1991, Ecological sustainability and environmental control, Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, vol. 2, № 2, p. 275—295, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0954-349X(05)80003-7Erlygina, E., Shtebner, S. 2022, Environmental Sustainability in the Concept of Sustainable Development, Bulletin of Science and Practice, vol. 8, № 6, p. 134—141. EDN: BTSWSH, https://doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/79/15Balodis, J., Komarova, V., Čižo, E., Ruza, O., Kokarevica, A. 2022, Assessing the transport development of the European Union countries, Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, vol. 10, № 2, p. 130—146. EDN: OKWNUD, http://doi.org/10.9770/jesi.2022.10.2(8)Komarova, V., Čižo, E., Balodis, J., Kokarevica, A., Ruza, O., Kudins, J. 2023, Development of transport infrastructure and its impact on territorial production, Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, vol. 10, № 4, p. 338—356. EDN: DPVMZH, https://doi.org/10.9770/jesi.2023.10.4(21)Komarova, V., Ignatjeva, S., Kudins, J., Kokarevica, A., Ostrovska, I., Čižo, E. 2024, Latvian municipal budgets’ expenditures on transport infrastructure and production in the context of improving the local economy, Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research (JEECAR), vol. 11, № 4, p. 736—753. EDN: THBSPN, https://doi.org/10.15549/jeecar.v11i4.1608Acheampong, A. O., Opoku, E. E. O. 2023, Environmental degradation and economic growth: Investigating linkages and potential pathways, Energy Economics, vol. 123, art. 106734. EDN: UGTJKT, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2023.106734Albuquerque, F. D. B., Maraqa, M. A., Chowdhury, R., Mauga, T., Alzard, M. 2020, Greenhouse gas emissions associated with road transport projects: current status, benchmarking, and assessment tools, Transportation Research Procedia, vol. 48, p. 2018—2030. EDN: NRUIMC, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2020.08.261Dobrinevski, A., Jachnik, R. 2020, Exploring options to measure the climate consistency of real economy investments: the transport sector in Latvia, OECD Environment Working Papers, № 163, URL: https://one.oecd.org/document/ENV/WKP(2020)10/en/pdf (accessed 11.11.2024).Krišjāne, Z., Bauls, A., Vilciņš, A. 2004, Changing patterns of population mobility in Latvia, Human Geography, p. 65—73, URL: https://eztf.lu.lv/fileadmin/user_upload/LU.LV/Apaksvietnes/Fakultates/www.gzzf.lu.lv/Folia_Geographica/FG_raksti_2004/2004Geografiskie_raksti_XII_5.pdf (accessed 11.11.2024).Kashurin, A. 2008, Statistical description of a distribution of population density over the Latvian territory, Informācijas tehnoloģija un vadības zinātne = Information Technology and Management Science, № 36, p. 108—115, URL: https://ortus0m.rtu.lv/science/lv/publications/3424 (accessed 11.11.2024).Din, A. U., Ming, J., Vega-Muñoz, A., Salazar Sepúlveda, G., Contreras-Barraza, N. 2022, Population Density: An Underlying Mechanism Between Road Transportation and Environmental Quality, Frontiers in Environmental Science, № 10, art. 940911. EDN: SWNDEY, https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.940911Rehman, F. U., Islam, M. M., Miao, Q. 2023, Environmental sustainability via green transportation: A case of the top 10 energy transition nations, Transport Policy, vol. 137, p. 32—44. EDN: SEBQBJ, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2023.04.013Qiao, W., Huang, X. 2022, How does transportation development affect environmental performance? Evidence from Hainan Province, China, Cities, № 129, art. 103835. EDN: WMCUFG, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2022.103835Boruch, A. 2014, Development of transport infrastructure and economic growth of Latvia, Proceedings of the 53rd International Scientific Conference of Daugavpils University, URL: https://dukonference.lv/files/proceedings_of_conf/53konf/ekonomika/Boruch.pdf (accessed 11.11.2024).Kuzmina-Merlino, I., Skorobogatova, O., Schmidtke, N., Behrendt, F. 2018, The financial and economic aspects of transport infrastructure development in Latvia, Transport and Telecommunication, vol. 19, № 3, p. 203—212, https://doi.org/10.2478/ttj-2018-0017Jurgelane-Kaldava, I., Ozolina, V., Auzina-Emsina, A. 2019, Modeling the influence of transportation and storage industry on the economic development of Latvia, Procedia Computer Science, № 149, p. 450—456, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2019.01.161Ševčenko-Kozlovska, G., Čižiūniene, K. 2022, The impact of economic sustainability in the transport sector on GDP of neighbouring countries: following the example of the Baltic States, Sustainability, vol. 14, № 6, art. 3326. EDN: BBZRPA, https://doi.org/10.3390/su14063326Simon, W .O. 2011, Centre-periphery relationship in the understanding of development of internal colonies, International Journal of Economic Development Research and Investment, vol. 2, № 1, p. 147—156, URL: https://icidr.org.ng/index.php/Ijedri/article/view/749 (accessed 11.11.2024).Gumenyuk, I. S., Gumenyuk, L. G. 2021, Transport connectivity as a factor in overcoming challenges of the periphery: the case of rural areas in the Kaliningrad region, Baltic Region, vol. 13, № 4, р. 147—160. EDN: OBGKQE, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2021-4-9Vasilenok, V.L., Minchenko, L.V., Negreeva, V.V., Moroz, D.S. 2024, Assessment of the level of transport and logistics infrastructure development of the transportation and logistics infrastructure when making managerial decisions, Scientific journal NRU ITMO. Series “Economics and Environmental Management”, № 1, p. 76—92. EDN: CRRKBN, https://doi.org/10.17586/2310-1172-2024-17-1-76-92Skrypnik, V. P. 2019, Analysis Of The Modern Condition Of The Transport Complex of the Kaliningrad Region, Eurasian Union of Scientists, № 4—9 (61), p. 70—74. EDN: LSVURK, URL: https://euroasia-science.ru/pdf-arxiv/70-74-skrypnik-v-p-analysis-of-the-modern-condition-of-the-transport-complex-of-the-kaliningrad-region/ (accessed 11.11.2024).Vilenskaya, N. I., Bozhkov, N. I. 2023, The State of the Transport Complex of the Kaliningrad Region In Conditions of Geopolitical Instability, Geopolitics and Ecogeodynamics of regions, vol. 9, № 2, p. 213—231. EDN: AKGXER, URL: https://geopolitika.cfuv.ru/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/18_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F-213-231.pdf (accessed 11.11.2024).Kish, L. 1965, Survey Sampling, New York, John Wiley and Sons, https://doi.org/10.1002/bimj.19680100122Sweet, S., Grace-Martin, K. 2012, Data Analysis with SPSS: A First Course in Applied Statistics, 4th ed., Pearson.Voronov, V. V., Ruza, O. P. 2018, Youth unemployment in the Latgale region of Latvia: causes and consequences, Baltic Region, vol. 10, № 4, p. 88—102. EDN: VNXBVU, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2018-4-6Chmielewski, B. 2023, Far behind Riga: Latvia’s problems with uneven development, OSW Commentary, № 498, URL: https://www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/osw-commentary/2023-03-15/far-behind-riga-latvias-problems-uneven-development (accessed 11.11.2024).Voronov, V. V. 2022, Small towns of Latvia: disparities in regional and urban development, Baltic Region, vol. 14, № 4, p. 39—56. EDN: WBSDPJ, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2022-4-3Адаптация пространственных стратегий крупнейших застройщиков жилой недвижимости Санкт-Петербурга к антироссийским санкциямI. A.Logvinovhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8637-5801S. S.Lachininskiihttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0885-6992S. A.Belozerovhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8711-2192Anti-Russian sanctions have had varied and multidirectional impacts across multiple sectors of the national economy, including the housing construction sector — most notably, the development of multi-apartment residential buildings. As a consequence of these sanctions, foreign developers employing advanced management and marketing practices withdrew from the Russian market, while domestic developers were forced to rapidly adapt to both new and intensifying pre-existing factors shaping the primary housing market. This study seeks to identify the adaptation trajectories of major residential developers operating within the St. Petersburg agglomeration under the constraints imposed by anti-Russian economic sanctions. To this end, several research objectives were pursued: compiling and analyzing data on residential projects from the Unified Housing Construction Information System (UHCIS); mapping the territorial distribution of completed and ongoing residential developments; examining changes in the intensity of land development across different territorial zones; and evaluating developers’ spatial strategies using the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI) and other analytical tools. The empirical foundation of the study is drawn primarily from UHCIS data provided by DOM.RF (including the map of new construction), complemented by information from media sources. Through cartographic analysis, territorial clusters of residential construction were delineated, and the share of housing commissioned in each cluster was assessed for three time periods: 2016—2020, 2020—2024, and 2025—2028. Developer concentration within these clusters was further evaluated using the HHI. The study identifies five major crisis factors induced by sanctions and outlines nine distinct adaptation trajectories among various groups of developers. The most immediate response was the withdrawal of foreign developers from the market. The research further proposes four strategic models adopted by domestic developers, each characterized by specific strengths, limitations, and implications for urban development. Among the most influential factors was the sharp increase in the Central Bank’s key interest rate, which led to a significant decline in suburban development due to reduced mortgage affordability. Conversely, development activity intensified in parts of the so-called ‘grey belt’, targeting segments of higher-income demand. This reorientation has contributed to greater spatial integration within the agglomeration and the ongoing expansion of the urban core.0606202612215110.5922/2079-8555-2025-2-6https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/15895/85890/Научные связи России в 1990—2024 годах: на примере Балтийского и Индийского регионовA. S.Mikhaylovhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5155-2628A. A.Mikhaylovahttps://orcid.org/0009-0001-3374-6090M. M.Filatovhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5155-2628The article explores the reorientation and transformation of Russia’s international scientific cooperation across its eastern and western strategic axes. This study is relevant due to the practical emphasis on international scientific cooperation as a necessary condition for the advancement of modern science. The objective of the research is to evaluate the restructuring of Russia’s international scientific ties over the past 30 years at the macroregional level. The methodology employed is based on spatial scientometrics, which enables the geographical analysis of science using extensive bibliometric data. The study focuses on the Baltic and Indian regions and covers the period from 1990 to 2024. The data source is Scopus international database. The results obtained allow for conclusions regarding the position of the macroregions globally, in terms of the growth of scientific knowledge, the contribution of individual countries to the macroregional dynamics of publication activity, and the degree of Russia’s integration into the scientific spaces of the Baltic and Indian regions. It is demonstrated that the Baltic region holds a stable global position in terms of the number of academic publications, exhibiting a slight but steady annual increase alongside high scientific productivity. Conversely, the Indian region is more dynamic scientifically but shows a greater centralisation of scientific activity and comparatively lower productivity. Russia participates in scientific collaboration with both macroregions. Collaboration with Baltic region countries has experienced stagnation, which has intensified since 2022. In contrast, joint publication activity with countries in the Indian region has shown notable growth. This underscores the need for further qualitative research to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of the evolving global geography of science and Russia’s role within it.0606202615217410.5922/2079-8555-2025-2-7https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/15897/85892/Трансформация конфессиональной структуры населения Северо-Запада России и Прибалтики (конец XIX — первая четверть XXI века)A. G.Manakovhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3223-2688R. N.Krotokhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5111-0686I. A.Ivanovhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4453-2052The secularization processes that have unfolded since the early 20th century have profoundly transformed the traditional religious structure of populations in many countries and regions. This study aims to trace the shifts in the confessional composition of the population in Northwest Russia, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania from the late 19th century to the present. The analysis is based on data from the 1897 and 2021 population censuses, as well as sociological surveys that included questions on religious affiliation. Drawing on the dynamics of confessional change, the study identifies 24 historical-confessional districts across Northwest Russia and the Baltics States. A typology of these districts is developed according to two principal criteria: the degree of complexity in the confessional structure and the changing proportions of the region’s four major religious groups — Protestants, Catholics, Eastern Christians, and Jews. The first type of district is characterized by a homogenization of the religious population in favour of Orthodox and Catholic groups, accompanied by a general heterogenization of the broader confessional structure, including the non-religious population. This type encompasses all districts of Northwest Russia, Ida-Virumaa County in Estonia, Latgale in Latvia, and parts of Lithuania. The second type, most extensively represented in Estonia and Latvia, exhibits heterogenization in both the overall confessional structure and its religious component. The third type is marked by the homogenization of the general confessional structure, with a predominance of Catholics in Lithuania, and of Protestants and the non-religious population in southwestern Estonia.0606202617519210.5922/2079-8555-2025-2-8https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/15897/85896/