NONE20260605122632848Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal Universityno-reply@balticregion.kantiana.ruImmanuel Kant Baltic Federal UniversityBaltic Region2079-85552310-052406052026164Профессор Геннадий Михайлович Федоров: научные интересы и достижения, сила и обаяние личностиG. DruzhininAlexanderhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1642-6335V. KaledinNikolaihttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1436-7527P. KlemeshevAndreihttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6343-32630605202641110.5922/2079-8555-2024-4-0https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/15784/81919/Доказательность в экономической политике на региональном уровнеG. KropinovaElenahttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6971-7275E. ShastitkoAndreyhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6713-069XThis article revisits approaches to regional development by exploring both previously proposed and new policy opportunities for regions facing the greatest challenges in adapting to emerging geo-economic conditions. This revision is based on the methodology of comparative analysis of discrete structural (institutional) alternatives – an essential component for ensuring the necessary evidential level in selecting economic policy instruments, complementing other applied research tools. The Kaliningrad region is one of Russia’s most complex due to its geographical isolation and historical background. The most comprehensive and consistent review of development options, or structural alternatives, for this area is found in the works of Gennady Fedorov, a professor at the Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University. This study elucidates the need to draw on the ideas of regional and spatial economic development of the Kaliningrad region reflected in the works of Prof. Fedorov and his colleagues from 1991 to 2023, when developing scenarios for Russia’s westernmost region. The main advantage of their findings is that they are presented through the lens of interdisciplinary discourse, utilising concepts from new institutional economic theory to provide an economic perspective. This study reveals the fundamental ideas behind the concept of the geo-demographic situation, the so-called ‘Fedorov matrix’ highlighting structural alternatives for the development of the Kaliningrad region and the spatially distributed clusters. The article examines the three main development strategies of the Kaliningrad region, as analysed by Fedorov, to trace the evolution of the region’s economic activity regulation regime. A conclusion is drawn regarding the demand for industrial policy instruments for the development of the region’s economy, while also emphasising their insufficient efficiency in application. The viability of Fedorov’s forecasts, as outlined in his works, is assessed through the example of planning a spatially distributed tourism and recreation cluster.06052026123010.5922/2079-8555-2024-4-1https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/15785/81920/Banerjee, A., Duflo, E. 2021, Good economics for hard times. Better answers to our biggest problems, Moscow, Gaidar Institute Publishing House, Saint Petersburg: Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences, St. Petersburg State University (in Russ.).Gimbitsky, K. K., Kuznetsova, A. L., Fedorov, G. M. 2014, The development of the Kaliningrad region economy: A new stage of restructuring, Baltic Region, vol. 1, № 19, p. 41—53, http://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2014-1-4Klemeshev, A. P., Fedorov, G. M. 2003, Possible Paths to Transforming the Status of the Kaliningrad Oblast, Region of Cooperation, № 3, p. 11—16. EDN: KUAWGB (in Russ.).Klemeshev, A. P., Fedorov, G. M. 2004, On improving the management of the development of the Kaliningrad region, Region of cooperation, № 1, p. 5—20. EDN: KUDUWT (in Russ.).Shastitko, A. E. 2014, Why competition policy, if there is industrial?, Economic policy, № 4, p. 42—59. EDN: SJWFRX (in Russ.).Kurdin, A., Shastitko, A. 2020, The new industrial policy: A chance for the BRICS countries, BRICS Journal of Economics, vol. 1, № 1, p. 60—80, http://doi.org/10.38050/2712-7508-2020-5 (in Russ.).Shastitko, A. E., Shabalov, I. P., Filippova, I. N. 2018, Russian Production of Large-Diameter Pipes Organization: The Context, Results, and Prospects, Russian Management Journal, vol. 16, № 3, p. 435—464, https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu18.2018.306 (in Russ.).Fedorov, G. M. 1984, Geodemographic situation: theoretical and methodological foundations, Leningrad, “Nauka” Publishing House, 112 p. EDN: XVWGLL (in Russ.).Fedorov, G. M. 1991, Scientific foundations of the concept of geodemographic situation, Leningrad, Publishing house of St. Petersburg State University, 180 p. EDN: XVOTMF (in Russ.).Fedorov, G. 2014, Current Issues in the Geodemographic Studies in Russia, Baltic Region, № 2, p. 4—21, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2014-2-1Furubotn, E., Richter, R. 2005, Institutions and Economic Theory: The Contribution of the New Institutional Economics, Michigan, University of Michigan Press.Shastitko, A. Y. 2010, New institutional economic theory, 4th ed., Moscow, TEIS, 828 p. EDN: QTUZBD (in Russ.).Eggertsson, T. 1990, Economic Behavior and Institutions, Cambridge University Press, https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511609404Fedorov, G. M., Zverev, Yu. M. 1995, Kaliningrad Alternatives. Socio-Economic Development of the Kaliningrad Region in the New Geopolitical Conditions, Kaliningrad, IKBFU Publishing House, 158 p. EDN: YVFBTQ (in Russ.).Fedorov, G. M., Zverev, Yu. M., Korneevets, B. 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D., Schneider, R. 1995, Property Rights and the Preconditions for Markets: The Case of Amazon Frontier, Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, № 150 (1), p. 89—107.Shastitko, A. E., Pavlova, N. S. 2022, Pigouvian vs. Coasian approach: Ideas, values, perspectives, Voprosy Ekonomiki, № 1, p. 23—46, https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2022-1-23-46 (in Russ.)Klemeshev, A. P., Mau, V. A. (eds.). 2007, Development strategies of the Kaliningrad region, Kaliningrad, IKBFU Press, 472 p. EDN: YVFBPM (in Russ.).Nureev, R., Latov, Yu. 2010, Chapters of the institutional economic history of Königsberg/Kaliningrad, Baltic Region, vol. 2, № 4, p. 78—102, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2010-2-8 (in Russ.).Nureev, R. M., Latov, Yu. V. 2009, Russia and Europe: path dependence (an attempt at institutional analysis of the history of economic development), Kaliningrad, 294 p. (in Russ.).Smorodinskaya, N. V. 2011, Organization of the special economic zones in the world and the Russian practice: conceptual aspects, Bulletin of the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, № 3, p. 16—36. EDN: SZCBIF (in Russ.).Kuznetsova, O. V. 2016, Special economic zones: effective or not?, Spatial Economy, № 4, p. 129—152, https://doi.org/10.14530/se.2016.4.129-152 (in Russ.).Nilov, K. N., 2018. The special economic zone in the Kaliningrad region: towards a more effective legal regime, Baltic Region, vol. 10, № 4, p. 74—87, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2018-4-5Sebentsov, A. B., Zotova, M. V. 2018, The Kaliningrad region: challenges of the exclave position and the ways to offset them, Baltic Region, vol. 10, № 1, p. 89—106, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2018-1-6Streltsov, A. V., Yakovlev, G. I. 2018, Peculiarities of doing business in special economic zones of the Russian Federation, Russian Journal of Entrepreneurship, vol. 19, № 4, p. 895—906, https://doi.org/10.18334/rp.19.4.38973 (in Russ.).Vardomskiy, L. B. 2022, Special regime as a factor in the economic development of the Kaliningrad region in changing external conditions, Pacific geography, № 1, p. 35—44, https://doi.org/10.35735/26870509_2022_9_3 (in Russ.).Fedorov, G. M. 2021, Volatility of regional economic growth rates, in: Fedorov, G. M. (ed.), Challenges and Prospects for the Development of the Kaliningrad Region: Geopolitics and Geoeconomics, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University Press, p. 99—101. EDN: GJHTNR (in Russ.).Fedorov, G. M. 2021, The Share of the Kaliningrad Region in the Economy of the Russian Federation, in: Fedorov, G. M. (ed.), Challenges and Prospects for the Development of the Kaliningrad Region: Geopolitics and Geoeconomics, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University Press, p. 90—98. EDN: KETQDO (in Russ.).Fedorov, G. M. 2022, The economy of Russian Baltic regions: development level and dynamics, structure and international trade partners, Baltic Region, vol. 14, № 4, p. 20—38, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2022-4-2Zubarevich, N. V., Safronov, S. G. 2024, Interregional Inequality in Russia and Post-Soviet Countries in the 21st Century, Regional Studies, № 1, p. 4—18, https://doi.org/10.5922/1994-5280-2024-1-1 (in Russ.).Zubarevich, N. V. 2022, Regions of Russia in the new economic conditions, Journal of the New Economic Association, № 3, p. 226—234, https://doi.org/10.31737/2221-2264-2022-55-3-15 (in Russ.).Fedorov, G. M. 2024, Russia in the Baltic — 2023: Information and analytical report, Kaliningrad, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University Press. EDN: KKQYAS (in Russ.).Fedorov, G. M. 2019, Three development strategies of the Kaliningrad region (1991—2018), Vestnik of Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University. Series: Natural and Medical Sciences, № 3, p. 5—19. EDN: HXPYPA (in Russ.).Zubarevich, N. V. 2009, Regional development and regional policy in Russia during ten years of economic growth, Journal of the New Economic Association, № 1-2 (1-2), p. 161—174. EDN: KZCXVN (in Russ.).Friedmann, J. 1968, Regional development policy. A case study of Venezuela, Cambridge.Druzhinin, A. G. Dong, Ya. 2018, One Belt — One Road Initiative: A Window of Opportunity for Russia’s Western Border Regions, Baltic Region, vol. 10, № 2, p. 39—55, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2018-2-3Shastitko, A. 2009, Clusters as a Form of Spatial Organisation of Economic Activity: Theory and Practical Observations, Baltic Region, № 2, p. 7—25, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2009-2-2Fedorov, G. M., Voloshchenko, K. Yu., Zhdanov, V. P. 2023, Development Strategy and Economic Security of the Kaliningrad Region: Analytical Report, Kaliningrad, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University Press. EDN: YJLJWD (in Russ.).Kondratieva, S. V. 2023. Travel preferences of Russian Citizens: Destinations and Trends, Regional Studies, № 4 (82), p. 95—104, https://doi.org/10.5922/1994-5280-2023-4-8 (in Russ.).Dedkov, V. P., Fedorov, G. M. 2006, Spatial, Territorial and Landscape Planning in the Kaliningrad Region, Kaliningrad, Immanuel Kant State University of Russia Press. EDN: QRNWAV (in Russ.).Fedorov, G. M. 2006, On the formation of a single tourist and recreational system “Kaliningrad — Primorskaya zone”, in: Korneevets, V. S. (ed.), Actual problems of tourism, Kaliningrad, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University Press, p. 6—20. EDN: YSLNZZ (in Russ.).Pustovgarov, V. I., Fedorov, G. M. 2002, Primorskaya zone, Kaliningrad, Publishing House of Kaliningrad State University (in Russ.).Zubarevich, N. V. 2008, Strategies of the spatial development of Russia during the period of economic growth, Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, Seriya Geografiya, № 1, p. 51—57. EDN: JVHBPL (in Russ.).Экономическая безопасность как фактор экономического развития российского эксклава в национальных интересахYu. VoloshenkoKseniahttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-2624-0155Economic security in border regions emerged as a new area of inquiry in human geography, under the supervision of Prof Fedorov and with the active involvement of researchers from Kaliningrad, Rostov-on-Don, Saint Petersburg, Smolensk, and Simferopol, within the framework of the Russian Science Foundation project № 18-17-00112, titled Ensuring the Economic Security of the Regions of Russia’s Western Borderlands under Conditions of Geopolitical Turbulence. This study is the first attempt at a comprehensive examination of economic security, considering a multitude of contributing factors: economic, social, domestic and foreign policy-related, ethnic and environmental. The socio-geographical approach to economic security provides insight into its spatial conditionality, informing our studies on regional and sectoral economics.This article examines the Kaliningrad region’s economic development from the perspective of its exclave position, border functions and potential for ensuring Russia’s national interests. The assessment of the economic security of the region from 2000 to 2019, cited in earlier works, reveals a lack of resilience to external challenges and threats. In this article, we examine these results in the context of economic development quality and determinants, applying structural and resource-oriented approaches. It is demonstrated that, until 2022, the economic development of the Russian exclave did not fully align with national interests due to a prioritisation of international ties, often at the expense of interregional ones. Additionally, the region’s openness was increasing, with insufficient attention given to ensuring its sustainability under external constraints. Seeking to address existing shortcomings, this article presents and substantiates proposed modifications that give due consideration to economic security. Specifically, it emphasises functional and structural transformations within the regional management system.06052026315010.5922/2079-8555-2024-4-2https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/15785/81921/Kuznetsova, O. V. 2014, Typology of factors governing the social-economic development of Russian regions, Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seriya Geografiya, № 2, p. 3—8. EDN: SEOPGR (in Russ.).Grigoriev, L., Zubarevich, N., Urozhaeva, Yu. 2008, Scylla and Charibdis of Regional Policy, Voprosy Ekonomiki, № 2, p. 83—98, https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2008-2-83-98 (in Russ.).Uskova, T. V. 2009, Management of sustainable development in the region, Vologda, ISEDT RAS. EDN: QDFWAD (in Russ.).Bozhechkova, A. V. 2013, Econometric Modeling of the Impact of Human Capital on Economic Growth in Russian Regions, Audit i Finansovyy Analiz = Audit and Financial Analysis, № 1, p. 90—99. EDN: QYVNCX (in Russ.).Zemtsov, S. P., Smelov, Y. A. 2019, Factors of Regional Development in Russia: Geography, Human Capital and Regional Policies, Journal of the New Economic Association, № 40, p. 84—108, https://doi.org/10.31737/2221-2264-2018-40-4-4 (in Russ.).Ivanov, V. A.. 2022. Agricultural sector of the North and the Arctic: historical aspect, directions of the development, Arctic: Ecology and Economy, vol. 12, №4, p. 559-571.Vardomsky, L. B. 2017, Neighborhood factor in the economic development of the new border regions of Russia, Mir peremen, № 3, p. 91—104. EDN: ZHTSRX (in Russ.).Doroshenko, S. V., Posysoeva, K. A. 2021, Econometric estimation of strategic development factors of Russian border regions, Economy of Regions, vol. 17, № 2, p. 431—444, https://doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2021-2-6 (in Russ.).Dokholyan, S. V., Petrosyants, V. Z., Sadykova, A. M. 2013, Assessment of factors of development of the regional system, carried out from positions of providing the sustainable development, Regionalnye problemy preobrazovaniya ekonomiki, № 4 (38), p. 105—108 (in Russ.).Drobyshevsky, S. M. (ed.). 2005, Factors of Economic Growth of the Russian Economy, Moscow, Institute for the Economy in Transition. EDN: QRDDDR (in Russ.).Druzhinin, P. V. 2023, Economic development of Russia’s north-western regions and migration to the St. Petersburg agglomeration, Baltic Region, vol. 15, №3, p. 100— 116, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2023-3-6Kotilko, V. V., Nemirova, G. I. 2013, Functional and geopolitical approaches to managing the economically safe development of border regions, National Interests: Priorities and Security, vol. 35, № 224, p. 57—60. EDN: RBJGVZ (in Russ.).Kotilko, V. V., Nemirova, G. I. 2013, Functional and geopolitical approaches to managing the economically safe development of border regions, National Interests: Priorities and Security, vol. 35, № 224, p. 57—60. EDN: RBJGVZ (in Russ.).Kotilko, V. V., Nemirova, G. I. 2013, Functional and geopolitical approaches to managing the economically safe development of border regions, National Interests: Priorities and Security, vol. 35, № 224, p. 57—60. EDN: RBJGVZ (in Russ.).Kotilko, V. V., Nemirova, G. I., Pashennykh, F. S. 2013, Competitiveness and economic security of border regions: realities and prospects, National Interests: Priorities and Security, vol. 9, № 46, p. 2—7. EDN: RNLKOT (in Russ.).Voloshenko, K. Yu. 2021, Economic security of the border region, Kaliningrad, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University. EDN: VNJMZY (in Russ.).Fedorov, G. M. (ed.). 2019, Problems of economic security in Russia’s western border regions, Kaliningrad, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University. EDN: LJKKFA (in Russ.).Fedorov, G. M. (ed.). 2020, Western frontier of Russia: Modelling of development and provision of economic security, Kaliningrad, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University. EDN: JOANPD (in Russ.).Stanícǩová, M., Melecký, L. 2018, Understanding of resilience in the context of regional development using composite index approach: The case of European union NUTS-2 regions, Regional Studies, Regional Science, vol. 5, № 1, р. 231—254, https://doi.org/10.1080/21681376.2018.1470939Wolman, H., Wial, H., Clair, T., Hill, E. 2017, Shocks and Regional Economic Resilience, in: Coping with Adversity: Regional Economic Resilience and Public Policy, https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9780801451690.003.0002Martin, R. 2012, Regional Economic Resilience, Hysteresis and Recessionary Shocks, Journal of Economic Geography, vol. 12, № 1, p. 1—32, https://doi.org/10.1093/jeg/lbr019Akberdina, V. V. 2021, Resilience Factors in the Russian Economy: The Comparative Analysis for 2000—2020, National Interests: Priorities and Security, vol. 17, № 8, p. 1412—1432, https://doi.org/10.24891/ni.17.8.1412 (in Russ.).Klimanov, V. V., Mikhaylova, A. A., Kazakova, S. M. 2018, Regional resilience: theoretical basics of the question, Ekonomicheskaya Politika, vol. 13, № 6, p. 164—187. EDN: YSWQFV (in Russ.).Malkina, M. Yu. 2020, Assessment of resilient development of the regional economies based on Mahalanobis distances, Terra Economicus, № 3, p. 140—159, https://doi.org/10.18522/2073-6606-2020-18-3-140-159 (in Russ.).Kazantsev, S. V., Mityakov, E. S. 2022, Assessing the significance of the viability dynamics factors of the subjects of the Russian Federation, Economic security, vol. 5, № 1, p. 155—174, https://doi.org/10.18334/ecsec.5.1.114267 (in Russ.).Mityakov, E. S., Mityakov, S. N. 2014, Adaptive approach to calculation of the generalized index of economic security, Sovremennye problemy nauki i obrazovaniya, № 2, p. 415—421. EDN: SBWILJ (in Russ.).Mikheeva, N. N. 2018, Macroeconomic effects of structural shifts in economy of regions, Region: Economics & Sociology, № 4, p. 42—68 (in Russ.).Kotov, A. V. 2021, Spatial Shift-Share Analysis as a Tool for Studying the Economic Development of Russia’s Macroregions, Economy of regions, vol. 3, p. 755—768, https://doi.org/10.17059/ekon.reg.2021-3-3 (in Russ.).Esteban, J. 2000, Regional convergence in Europe and the industry mix: a shift-share analysis, Regional Science and Urban Economics, vol. 30, № 3, p. 353—364, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-0462(00)00035-1Montanía, C. V., Márquez, M. A., Fernández-Núñez, T., Hewings, G. J. D. 2021, Spatial shift-share analysis: Some new developments, Papers in Regional Science, vol. 100, № 2, p. 305— 325, https://doi.org/10.1111/pirs.12575Melnikova, L. V. 2021, Spatial Analysis of the Dynamics of Structural Shifts in the Economies of Russian Regions in 2004—2019, Regional Research of Russia, vol. 11, № 4, p. 454— 463, https://doi.org/10.1134/S2079970521040249Roos, I., Voloshenko, K. Yu., Drok, T. E., Farafonova, Yu. Yu. 2020, An Economic Complexity Analysis of the Kaliningrad Region: Identifying Sectoral Priorities in the Emerging Value Creation Paradigm, Baltic Region, vol. 12, № 1, p. 156—180, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2020-1-9Структурные сдвиги во внешней торговле стран БалтииG. VarnavskiiVladimirhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1772-1800Professor Gennady Fedorov, Doctor of Geography and a distinguished Soviet and Russian researcher, made a significant contribution to the study of economic development in the Baltic states, particularly in their economic relations with Russia. His work consistently underscored the importance of trade with Russia for the Baltic economies and its impact on regional production of goods and services. Recent geopolitical shifts have triggered profound structural changes in international trade. This article examines the trade in goods within the Baltic states, as well as between these states and third countries, including Russia. It evaluates the long- and short-term structural shifts in commodity flows, utilizing a comparative analysis of export and import trends based on the latest international statistics. The study covers the period from 2004 to 2024, drawing on annual statistics from 2004—2023 and more granular quarterly and monthly data for 2021—2024, sourced from UN/UNCTAD, Eurostat, WTO, and the World Bank. Employing methods of statistical and structural analysis and Trade Intensity Index (TII) calculations, the article investigates two hypotheses. The first hypothesis, proposing a general increase in the TII between the Baltic states from 2004 to 2023, is partially supported; Lithuania’s exports deviate from the overall trend due to the country’s strong trade links with Poland and Germany. The second hypothesis, asserting the adaptability of Baltic business to geo-economic and geopolitical stresses — including sustained trade with Russia—has been fully confirmed. The article identifies commodity groups where export and import flows between the Baltic states and Russia increased between 2021 and 2023, highlighting potential niches for Russia to maintain or expand its presence.06052026517110.5922/2079-8555-2024-4-3https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/15785/81922/Olenchenko, V. 2021, The Baltic States in the European Union: Main Characteristics of Membership and Their Anti-Russian Orientation, Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost, № 4, p. 64—76, https://doi.org/10.31857/S086904990016456-3Mezhevich, N. M. 2017, Problems and prospects of economic relations between Russia and the Baltic states under the conditions of sanctions regimes, M., Association of Book Publishers «Russian Book» (in Russ.).Simachev, Y. Y., Fedyunina, A. A., Averyanova, Y. Y. 2020. Transformation of global value chains in Russia and the Baltics amid COVID-19: prospects for regionalization and implications for economic policy, Baltic Region, vol. 12, № 4, p. 128—146, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2020-4-7Druzhinin, A. A. 2023. The geopolitical effect of the maritime factor on the spatial development of post-soviet Russia: the Baltic case, Baltic Region, vol. 15, № 4, p. 6—23, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2023-4-1Stryukovaty, V. V. 2024, Russia’s geostrategic position in the Baltic area as a threat of naval blockade in the current circumstances, Vestnik of Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University. Series: Natural and Medical Sciences, № 1, p. 57—75, https://doi.org/10.5922/gikbfu-2024-1-4 (in Russ.).Baur, A., Dorn, F., Flach, L., Fuest, C. 2023, Rethinking Geoeconomics: Trade Policy Scenarios for Europe’s Economy, EconPol Policy Report, № 44.Eckert, S. 2024, Business Power and the Geoeconomic Turn in the Single European Market, Journal of Common Market Studies, vol. 62, № 4, р. 973—992, https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13604Fiott, D. 2024, From Liberalisation to Industrial Policy: Towards a Geoeconomic Turn in the European Defence Market?, Journal of Common Market Studies, vol. 62, № 4, р. 1012—1027, https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13600Freudlsperger, C., Meunier, S. 2024, When Foreign Policy Becomes Trade Policy: The EU’s Anti-Coercion Instrument, Journal of Common Market Studies, vol. 62, № 4, p. 1063—1079, https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13593Christou, A., Damro, C. 2024, Frames and issue linkage: EU trade policy in the geoeconomic turn, Journal of Common Market Studies, vol. 62, № 4, p. 1080—1096, https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13598Alessandria, G., Johnson, R. C., Yi, K.-M. 2023, Perspectives on trade and structural transformation, Oxford Development Studies, vol. 51, № 4, p. 455—475, https://doi.org/10.1080/13600818.2023.2279665Lewis, L., Monarch, R., Sposi, M., Zhang, J. 2022, Structural change and global trade, Journal of the European Economic Association, vol. 20, № 1, p. 476—512, http://doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvab024Kumar, R. 2023, Global value chains and structural transformation: evidence from the developing world, Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, vol. 66, р. 285—299, http://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2023.05.006Lund, S., Manyika, J., Woetzel, J., Bughin, J., Krishnan, M., Seong, J., Muir, M. 2019, Globalization in Transition: The Future of Trade and Value Chains, McKinsey Global Institute, 131 р.Afonso, A., Huart, F., Jalles, J. T., Stanek, P. 2019, Long-run relationship between exports and imports: current account sustainability tests for the EU, Portuguese Economic Journal, vol. 19, № 2, p. 155—170, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10258-019-00168-xErkisi, K., Ceyhan, T. 2019, Trade liberalization and economic growth: a panel data analysis for transition economies in Europe, Journal of Economics, Finance and Accounting, vol. 6, № 2, p. 82—94, http://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2019.1047Dritsaki, M., Dritsaki, C. 2020, Trade openness and economic growth: a panel data analysis of Baltic countries, Asian Economic and Financial Review, vol. 10, № 3, p. 313—324, https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.aefr.2020.103.313.324Irandoust, M. 2016, Structural changes, FDI, and economic growth: evidence from the Baltic states, Journal of Economic Structures, vol. 5, № 14, p. 1—9, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40008-016-0045-8Yeboah, E. 2023, Does foreign direct investment and trade openness support economic development? Evidence from four European countries. Scientific Annals of Economics and Business, vol. 70, № 4, p. 585—601, https://doi.org/10.47743/saeb-2023-0033Tekin, A., Çınar, İ. T., Sağdıç, E. N., Yıldız, F. 2023, Trade openness and sustainable government size: evidence from Central and Eastern European countries, Sustainability, vol. 15, № 15, р. 11836, https://doi.org/10.3390/su151511836Kulbacki, M., Michalczuk, A. 2021, Regional trade integration in Central and Eastern Europe: state of play after 15 years of EU membership, Journal of Economics & Management, vol. 43, p. 225—250, https://doi.org/10.22367/jem.2021.43.11Elteto, A., Antaloczy, K. 2017, Export Promotion Aims and Reality: A Comparison of the Iberian, Baltic and Central European Region, Baltic Journal of European Studies, vol. 7, № 1, p. 43—53, https://doi.org/10.1515/bjes-2017-0004Priede, J., Feng, H. 2017, Evaluation of Latvia-China Trade Potential, European Research Studies Journal, vol. XX, № 3A, p. 931—941, https://doi.org/10.35808/ersj/755Zheng, X., Jia, L., Bao, J., Chen, J. 2018, A study of trade complementarity between China and the Baltic states and its development strategies, Amfiteatru Economic, vol. 20, № 49, p. 788— 803, https://doi.org/10.24818/EA/2018/49/788Ditsiou, A., Darvidou, K., Siskos, E. 2024, The bilateral trade imbalances between the EU and China: Structure and trends, Problems and Perspectives in Management, vol. 22, № 2, p. 137—149, https://doi.org/10.21511/ppm.22(2).2024.12Purju, A. 2023, The economic interaction between the USA and the littoral states of the Baltic Sea, BSR Policy Briefing series, № 3.Purju, A. 2023, The economic interaction between the USA and the littoral states of the Baltic Sea, BSR Policy Briefing series, № 3.Khesin, E. S. (ed.). 2020, The european union in the world economy: competitiveness issue, M., IMEMO RAS. EDN: OXQLABKondratieva, N. 2020, The European model of market integration. Formation and perspective, Institute of Europe of the Russian Academy of Sciences. EDN: OOEPAD (in Russ.).Chetverikova, A. 2024, European Union Development Trends: Some Aspects of Economic Integration, World Eсonomy and International Relations, vol. 68, № 1, p. 95— 104, https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2024-68-1-95-104 (in Russ.).Особенности и тенденции дифференциации сельского пространства Северо-ЗападаI. KostyaevAlexanderhttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-4041-6935N. NikonovaGalinahttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-7605-0237Excessive differentiation and polarisation in rural development lead to spatial compression, fragmentation, and social desertification, increasingly evident across many regions. This study aims to identify the trends, features and patterns of rural population differentiation in Russia’s North-West at interregional and intraregional levels. Methodologically, it adopted an approach that views rural space differentiation as a product of the combined influence of the agro-industrial complex system and the ‘urban–rural’ system. The changes of interest were studied from the industrial, demographic and settlement perspectives, with a focus on indicators such as changes in acreage and livestock between 1989, 2007 and 2023, and the size of the rural population and the number of residents per rural settlement between 2002, 2010 and 2020. The trends are investigated at the levels of regions — Leningrad, Novgorod and Pskov — and their municipalities. Hypotheses regarding the impact of the rental mechanism and core-periphery relations on the development differentiation of district territories were tested and largely confirmed. In the study regions, areas with varying rates of increase and decrease in acreage and livestock, including zones of compression and fragmentation, were identified, along with areas where the rural population grew or declined. Spatial differentiation in terms of resident per settlement ratio is shown to largely coincide with areas experiencing the most dynamic rural population change. The study concludes that, under the baseline scenario, the development of rural spaces in the Novgorod and Pskov regions will likely intensify their polarisation with the Leningrad region and lead to socio-demographic desertification of non-urbanised areas. The findings highlight the need for significant organisational and economic measures, engaging both public and private investments from outside these regions.06052026729910.5922/2079-8555-2024-4-4https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/15786/81923/Nefedova, T. G. 2021, Polarization of the social-economic space and prospects of rural areas in the old-developed regions of Central Russia, Russian Peasant Studies, vol. 6, № 1, p. 126—153, https://doi.org/10.22394/2500-1809-2021-6-1-126-153 (in Russ.).Nefedova, T., Treyvish, A. 2020, Polarization and shrinkage of active space in the core of Russia: trends, problems and possible solutions, Demographic Review, vol. 7, № 2, p. 31—53, https://doi.org/10.17323/demreview.v7i2.11138 (in Russ.).Uskova, T. V., Patrakova, S. S. 2021, Rural development in the context of spatial compression of a northern region, Economic and Social Changes: Facts, Trends, Forecast, vol. 14, № 5, p. 34—52, https://doi.org/10.15838/esc.2021.5.77.2Kostyaev, A. I. 2016, Differentiation of rural areas: background and the role of investment, Economics and Management, № 11 (133), p. 4—10. EDN: XKPCDV (in Russ.).Manakov, A. G. 2016, Depopulation processes in the Pskov Oblast against the background of population polarisation in North-Western Russia, Voprosy geografii, № 141, p. 313—337 (in Russ.).Romanova, E., Vinogradova, O., Frizina, I. 2015, Social and economic space compression in border areas: the case of the Northwestern Federal District, Baltic Region, № 3, p. 38—61, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2015-3-3Sobolev, A. V. 2015, Structural and functional characteristics of the spatial development of rural and urban areas in the Northwestern economic district, Baltic Region, № 1, p. 143—158, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2015-1-9Dementiev, V. 2020, Typology of regions of the North-West of Russia by the level of development of the settlement system at the beginning of the 21st century, Pskov Journal of Regional Studies, № 1 (41), p. 38—50, https://doi.org/10.37490/S221979310008533-9 (in Russ.).Krasnov, A. I., Bizyukov, D. 2021, Population dynamics of the Pskov region in the post-soviet period according to rural settlement points, Proceedings of the Russian Geographical Society, vol. 153, № 5, p. 21—33, https://doi.org/ (in Russ.).Fedorov, G. M. 2023, Spatial differentiation of rural territories in the Kaliningrad region: implications for socio-economic policies, Baltic Region, vol. 15, № 3, p. 117— 139, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2023-3-7Tkachenko, A. А. 2023, Rural areas: a concept and approaches to typology, Lomonosov Geography Journal, vol. 78, № 2, p. 3—9, https://doi.org/10.55959/MSU0579-9414.5.78.2.1 (in Russ.).Alekseev, A. I., Safronov, S. G., Savockul, M. S., Kuznetsova, G. Yu. 2019, The main trends in the evolution of rural settlement in Russia in the XX — early XXI centuries, ECO, № 4 (538), p. 26—49. EDN: FYBUBX (in Russ.).Kostyaev, А. I., Nikonova, G. N. 2021, Developing territorial differentiation processes of agricultural production in the Non-Black Earth Region and their current trends, Economic and Social Changes: Facts, Trends, Forecast, vol. 14, № 4, p. 150—168, https://doi.org/10.15838/esc.2021.4.76.9 (in Russ.).Ioffe, G. V., Nefedova, T. G. 2003, Fragmentation of rural space of Russia, Vestnik Evrazii, № 4, р. 69—92. EDN: HYRHCH (in Russ.).Pělucha, M. 2019. Smart Villages and Investments to Public Services and ICT Infrastructure: case of the Czech rural development program 2007—2013, European Countryside, vol. 11, № 4, p. 584—598, https://doi.org/10.2478/euco-2019-0032Löfving, L., Kamuf, V., Heleniak, T., Weck, S., Norlén, G. 2022, Can digitali-zation be a tool to overcome spatial injustice in sparsely populated regions? The cases of Digital Västerbotten (Sweden) and Smart Country Side (Germany), Euro-pean Planning Studies, vol. 30, № 5, p. 917—934, https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2021.1928053Naldi, L., Nilsson, P., Westlund, H., Wixe, S. 2015, What is smart rural development?, Journal of Rural Studies, vol. 40, № 8, p. 90—101, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2015.06.006Slee, B. 2019, Delivering on the Concept of Smart Villages — in Search of an Enabling Theory, European Countryside, vol. 11, iss. 4, p. 634—650, https://doi.org/10.2478/euco-2019-0035Bock, B. 2016, Rural Marginalizations and the Role of Social Innovation; A Turn Towards Nexogenous Development and Rural Reconnection, Sociologia Ruralis, vol. 56, № 4, p. 552—573, https://doi.org/10.1111/soru.12119Nefedova, T. G., Streletsky, V. N., Treyvish, A. I. 2022, Polarization of the socio-economic space of modern Russia: causes, directions and consequences, Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences, № 6 (92), p. 551—563. EDN: CDTMTRKalugina, Z. I., Fadeeva, O. P., Bratyushchenko, S. V., 2015, Socio-economic polarization of rural areas in Russia, Region: Economics and Sociology, № 3 (87), p. 123— 145, https://doi.org/10.15372/REG20150905 (in Russ.).Bondarenko, L. V. 2020, City and village: distance and ways to overcome it, AIC: economics, management, № 12, p. 103—118, https://doi.org/10.33305/2012-103 (in Russ.).Haefner, L., Sternberg, R. 2020, Spatial implications of digitization: State of the field and research agenda, Geography Compass, vol. 14, № 12, p. 1—16, https://doi.org/10.1111/gec3.12544Salemink, K., Strijker, D., Bosworth, G. 2017, Rural development in the digital age: A systematic literature review on unequal ICT availability, adoption, and use in rural areas, Journal of Rural Studies, vol. 54, p. 360—371, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2015.09.001Stojanova, S., Lentini, G., Niederer, P., Egger, T., Cvar, N., Kos, A., Stojmenova Duh, E. 2021, Smart Villages policies: Past, present and future, Sustainabil-ity, vol. 13, № 4, р. 1663, https://doi.org/10.3390/SU13041663Wiesinger, G. 2007, The importance of social capital in rural development, network-ing and decision-making in rural areas, Journal of Alpine Research, vol. 95, № 4, p. 43—56, https://doi.org/10.4000/rga.354Chatzichristos, G., Nagopoulos, N., Poulimas, M. 2021, Neo-Endogenous Rural Development: A Path Toward Reviving Rural Europe, Sociologia Ruralis, vol. 86, № 4, p. 911—937, https://doi.org/10.1111/ruso.12380Basile, G., Cavallo, A. 2020, Rural Identity, Authenticity, and Sustaina-bility in Italian Inner Areas, Sustainability, vol. 12, № 3, р. 1272, https://doi.org/10.3390/su12031272Nefedova, T. G., Treivish, A. I., Sheludkov, A. V. 2022, Spatially uneven development in Russia, Regional research of Russia, vol. 12, № 1, p. 4—19, https://doi.org/10.31857/S2587556622010101Petrikov, A. V. 2018, Economic growth in Russian agriculture: factors and problems, Scientific Works of the Free Economic Society of Russia, vol. 214, № 6, p. 450— 469. EDN: IIKXDK (in Russ.).Harvey, D. 1989, The Condition of Postmodernity. An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change, BLACKWELL, Cambridge MA &- Oxford UK.Fedorov, G. M. 2021, On strengthening the territorial differentiation of the rural population and the agrarian sector of the economy in the Russian Federation, Vestnik of IKBFU. Series: Natural and Medical Sciences, № 2, p. 5—22. EDN: UUCZNP (in Russ.).Kostyaev, A. I. 2023, Rural space differentiation: regularities and driving forces, AIC: economics, management, № 8, p. 123—134, https://doi.org/10.33305/238-123 (in Russ.).Комплексная типология сельских населенных пунктов Калининградской областиS. GumenyukIvanhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8477-5342G. GumenyukLidiahttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6186-350XThe rural settlement system of the Kaliningrad region, comprising 1,075 localities, is characterised by compactness, high economic development and a predominance of small rural settlements. From 2010 to 2024, the region’s rural population increased from 210 to 235 thousand people. Simultaneously, the number of large rural settlements is growing in the western part of the region, while a stable trend of demographic decline persists among small rural settlements in the eastern part. Using statistical data, along with quantitative data from previous studies, open sources and field research materials, the authors developed a comprehensive typology of Kaliningrad region’s rural settlements. The typology classifies settlements according to demographic factors, spatial location, availability of social infrastructure, tourism and recreation facilities and agricultural enterprises of various types. The research methods encompassed tools for gathering, processing and analysing primary data, including statistical, cartographic and comparative-geographical techniques. As a result, 18 types of rural settlements were identified in the Kaliningrad region, each characterised by a unique trajectory of socio-economic and demographic development. These distinctions should be considered when designing and implementing spatial development programmes and projects at local or regional levels. The research results are presented in cartographic and tabular formats.0605202610012010.5922/2079-8555-2024-4-5https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/15786/81924/Nefedova, T. G. 2018, Factors and trends of the structure of rural settlements in Russia, Social and economic geography. Bulletin of the Association of Russian Geographers and Social Scientists, № 7, p. 1—12. EDN: OTZFVPAlexeev, A. I., Safronov, S. G. 2015, Changes in rural settlement patterns in Russia during the late 20th — early 21st centuries, Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 5, Geografiya, № 2, p. 66—76. EDN: UCGNLRAlekseev, A. I., Safronov, S. G., Savockul, M. S., Kuznetsova, G. Yu. 2019, The main trends in the evolution of rural settlement in Russia in the XX — early XXI centuries, ЕСО, № 4, p. 26—49. EDN: FYBUBXZubarevich, N. V. 2013, Transformation of rural settlement pattern and service network in rural areas, Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya, № 3, p. 26—38, https://doi.org/10.15356/0373-2444-2013-3-26-38Fedorov, G. M. 2023, Spatial differentiation of rural territories in the Kaliningrad Region: implications for socio-economic policies, Baltic Region, vol. 15, №3, p. 117— 139, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2023-3-7Levchenkov, A. V., Davydenko, A. V. 2021, Rural areas as a peripheral zone: a verdict or potential, Vestnik of Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University. Series: Natural and Medical Sciences, № 4, p. 5—15. EDN: VFWNDDGumenyuk, I. S., Yustratova, V. O 2021, Transformation of the settlement system in the Kaliningrad region, Vestnik of Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University. Series: Natural and Medical Sciences, № 3, p. 31—41. EDN: JPDFQEKhvalei, D. V. 2023, Small villages of the Kaliningrad region: current state and development prospects, in: Borderland problems. New trajectories of international cooperation. Proceedings of the VII international scientific and practical conference, p. 199— 206. EDN: BUOWJSPlotnikova, A. P. 2023, Settlement system of the Kaliningrad region: dasymetric analysis, Vestnik of Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University. Series: Natural and Medical Sciences, № 4, p. 38—49. EDN: ROQXPF, https://doi.org/10.5922/gikbfu-2023-4-3Fedorov, G. M., Anokhin, A. Yu., Gumenyuk, I. S., Gumenyuk, L. G., Davydenko, A. V., Kuznetsova, T. Yu., Kropinova, E. G., Levchenkov, A. V., Mikhailova, A. A., Peker, I. Yu., Khvalei, D. V. 2023, Increasing the value of rural areas in Russia: experience and ways of implementing social innovations in the Kaliningrad region, Kaliningrad, 253 p. EDN: BVFGCQFedorov, G. M., Voloshchenko, K. Yu., Gumenyuk, I. S., Gumenyuk, L. G., Davydenko, A. V., Kuznetsova, T. Yu., Kropinova, E. G., Levchenkov, A. V., Lyalina, A. V., Mikhailov, A. S., Mikhailova, A. A., Peker, I. Yu., Khvalei, D. V., Fidrya, E. S. 2022, Kaliningrad village at the beginning of the 21st century: production, resettlement, social innovations, Kaliningrad. EDN: XZXPWRKovalev, S. A. 2003, Selected Works, Smolensk. EDN: QQBWHHKunitsa, M. N. 2011, Typology of the rural settlements of central Russia: demo-ecological aspect, Regional studies, № 3 (33), p. 111—117. EDN: OHLLDNVoroshilov, N. V. 2018, Classification, problems and prospects for rural territory development, Problems of Territory’s Development, № 4 (96), p. 42—58, https://doi.org/10.15838/ptd.2018.4.96.3Alekseev, A. I., Safronov, S. G. 2017, Typology of rural settlements in the European part of Russia under recent demographic and socio-economic situation, Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, Seriya Geografiya, № 6, p. 55—61. EDN: ZXOJPXPrusikhin, O. E., Krutov, O. D., Vorobyov, M. I., Loktionov, K. S., Vepritsky, A. A., Alekseev, A. I. 2023, Multi-scale typology of rural areas in the context of post-Soviet transformations (on the example of the Tambov region), Russian Peasant Studies, vol. 8, № 2, p. 64—103, https://doi.org/10.22394/2500-1809-2023-8-2-64-103Skenderi, F. 2019, The typology of rural settlements, Knowledge — International Journal, p. 637—641.Drobnjakovic, M. 2019, Methodology of typological classification in the study of rural settlements in Serbia. Journal of the Geographical Institute Jovan Cvijic, SASA, vol. 69, № 2, p. 157—173, https://doi.org/10.2298/IJGI1902157DPetrov, K., Borisov, P. 2024, Opportunities to improve the typology and regional development of rural settlements in Bulgaria, Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Economics and Management, vol. 69, № 1, p. 72—88, https://doi.org/10.61308/WHYY2614Zou, Y., Yi, C., Rao, Y., Luo, F., Lv, C., Wu, P. 2023, Identify Optimization Type of Rural Settlements Based on “Production—Living—Ecological” Functions and Vitality: A Case Study of a Town in Northern China, Land, vol. 12, № 10, р. 1905. https://doi.org/10.3390/land12101905Putica Džajić, J. 2022, Typology of rural settlements in the West Herzegovina canton, Geografski pregled, № 46, p. 41—56.Pustovgarov, V. I., Zhdanov, V. P., Fedorov, G. M. 2001, Economy and settlement of the Kaliningrad region. Economic prerequisites for substantiating the territorial integrated scheme of urban planning for the development of the territory of the Kaliningrad region and its parts, Kaliningrad, KSU.Gumenyuk, I. S. 2024, Typology of rural settlements in the Kaliningrad region according to the degree of provision with social infrastructure facilities, Economics of Agriculture of Russia, № 6, p. 91—99, https://doi.org/10.32651/246-91Tkachenko, A. А. 2023, Rural areas: a concept and approaches to typology, Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 5, Geografiya, vol. 78, № 2, p. 3—9, https://doi.org/10.55959/MSU0579-9414.5.78.2.1Makhrova, A. G., Babkin, R. A. 2019, Methodological approaches for Moscow urban agglomeration delimitation based on mobile network operators data, Regional Studies, № 2, p. 48—57. EDN: GIGLUPRumjancev, I. N., Smirnova, A. A., Tkachenko, A. A. 2019, Rural settlements “without population” as a geographical and statistical phenomenon, Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 5, Geografiya, № 1, p. 29—37. EDN: YZNKWTTreivish, А. 2016, The rural-urban continuum: the destiny of the notion and its link to the spatial mobility of the population, Demographic Review, vol. 3, № 1, p. 52— 70, https://doi.org/10.17323/demreview.v3i1.1763Semenova, E. I., Semenov, A. V. 2021, On the formation of rural agglomerations, Economics of Agriculture of Russia, № 1, p. 96—102, https://doi.org/10.32651/211-96Gumenyuk, I. S., Gumenyuk, L. G. 2021, Transport connectivity as a factor in overcoming challenges of the periphery: the case of rural areas in the Kaliningrad region, Baltic Region, vol. 13, № 4, p. 147—160, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2021-4-8Voloshenko, K. Yu., Morachevskaya, K. A., Novikova, A. A., Lyzhina, E. A., Kalinovskiy, L. V. 2022, Transformation of food self-sufficiency of Kaliningrad Oblast in the face of external challenges, Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Earth Sciences, vol. 67, № 3, p. 409—430. EDN: DBBVYK, https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu07.2022.302Gumenyuk, I. S., Richter, A. D. 2023, On economic well-being and current measures to support small businesses in agriculture in the Kaliningrad region, Vestnik of Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University. Series: Natural and Medical Sciences, № 2, p. 46—59. EDN: JYXQYY, https://doi.org/10.5922/gikbfu-2023-2-4Fedorov, G. M., Kuznetsova, T. Yu. 2022, Rural population change and settlement patterns in the Kaliningrad region in 1991—2021, Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Earth Sciences, vol. 67, № 4, p. 733—748. EDN: EGKJEC, https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu07.2022.410Адаптация территориальной организации сельского хозяйства периферийного региона к деятельности агрохолдинговA. MorachevskayaKirahttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-1269-1059A. LyzhinaElenahttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-3114-909XB. SebentsovAlexanderhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9665-5666S. KarpenkoMikhailhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-5262-944Agricultural holdings are often cited as the main beneficiaries, on the one hand, of organisational and structural changes in Russian agriculture during the post-Soviet period, and on the other, of the transformation of state policy in response to contemporary geopolitical challenges. This paper examines the adaptation of the territorial and sectoral structure of agriculture in a socioeconomically peripheral region in response to the expansion of agricultural holdings. This study draws on official statistical data, the SPARK database, resources from the VetIS Federal State Information System, the Unified Federal Information System on Agricultural Land, and the authors’ extensive field research. The study demonstrated that the operations of agricultural holdings can completely transform the agricultural profile of a non-Chernozem region with a declining population in terms of specialisation and organisational structure, leading to economic recovery in agriculture. The example of the Pskov region illustrates how the expansion of agroholding assets is swiftly extending into peripheral areas with abundant land and low rural population density. The interviews confirmed that livestock agricultural holdings, primarily those specialising in pork production, benefit from the social desertification of rural areas. This is accompanied by a further weakening of rural community economies, as livestock and poultry have completely disappeared from private and subsistence farms. The new pork production specialisation in the Pskov region has, as expected, led to other changes in agriculture, including an increase in grain farming. While production volumes have risen, new territorial centres have not emerged.0605202612114410.5922/2079-8555-2024-4-6https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/15786/81925/Loizou, E., Karelakis, C., Galanopoulos, K., Mattas, K. 2019, The role of agriculture as a development tool for a regional economy, Agricultural Systems, vol. 173, p. 482—490, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2019.04.002Nefedova, T. G., Treivish, A. I., Sheludkov, A. V. 2022, Spatially Uneven Development in Russia, Regional Research of Russia, vol. 12, № 1, p. 4—19, https://doi.org/10.1134/S2079970522020071Barsukova, S. 2016, The dilemma of the «farmers vs agricultural holdings» in the context of import substitution, Social Sciences and Contemporary World, № 5, p. 63—74. EDN: WMNVAVErokhin, V. 2014, WTO Agreement on agriculture and its implication on rural development policies in Russia EU agrarian law, vol. 3, № 1, p. 31—36, https://doi.org/10.2478/eual-2014-0005Brednikova, O. E. 2007, Interpreting the borderland: metaphors of “window”, “mirror” and “showcase”, Russian scientific journal, № 1, p. 32—37. EDN: JWQRQJVoloshenko, K., Morachevskaya, K., Novikova, A., Lyzhina, E., Kalinovskiy, L. 2022, Transformation of food self-sufficiency of Kaliningrad Oblast in the face of external challenges, Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Earth Sciences, vol. 67, № 3, https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu07.2022.302Morachevskaya, K. A., Lialina, A. V. 2023. The impact of the food embargo on consumer preferences and cross-border practices in the Kaliningrad region, Baltic Region, vol. 15, № 2, p. 62—81, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2023-2-4Visser, O., Mamonova, N., Spoor, M. 2012, Oligarchs, megafarms and land reserves: understanding land grabbing in Russia, Journal of Peasant Studies, vol. 39, № 3-4, p. 899—931, https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2012.675574Hermans, F. L. P., Chaddad, F. 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EDN: UBCMVDKuns, B., Visser, O. 2016, Towards an agroholding typology: differentiating large farm companies in Russia and Ukraine, Agricultural Economic Society Annual Conference, University of Warwick.Davydova, I., Franks, J. 2015, The rise and rise of large farms: why agroholdings dominate Russia’s agricultural sector, Mir Rossii, vol. 24, № 3, p. 133—159.Grouiez, P. 2018, Understanding Agro-Holdings in Russia: A Commonsian Analysis, Journal of Economic Issues, vol. 52, № 4, p. 1010—1035, https://doi.org/10.1080/00213624.2018.1527583Uzun, V., Shagaida N., Saraikin, V. 2012, Agricultural holdings of Russia and their role in grain production, FAO, Budapest. EDN: TFLNNXShagaida, N. I. 2020, Assessing the size of agricultural holdings, Voprosy Ekonomiki, № 10, p. 105—116, https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2020-10-105-116Uzun, V. Y., Lerman, Z., Shagaida, N. I. 2021, Russian agroholdings and their role in agriculture, Post-Communist Economies, vol. 33, № 8, p. 1035—1055, https://doi.org/10.1080/14631377.2021.1886787Epstein, D. 2008, Agroholdings — as a form of vertical integration, Economics of Agriculture of Russia, № 9, р. 60—66. EDN: KPSPUBWandel, J. 2011, Business groups and competition in post-Soviet transition economies: The case of Russian “agroholdings”, The Review of Austrian Economics, vol. 24, p. 403—450, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11138-011-0152-6Gusakov, T. Yu. 2020, Rural Crimea and its agroholdings, Russian Peasant Studies, vol. 5, № 2, p. 106—129, https://doi.org/10.22394/2500-1809-2020-5-2-106-129Nosov, A. M. 2019, Agrarian holdings as a form of organizational and managerial innovations in agro-industrial complexes, The Bulletin of Ryazan State University named for S. A. Yesenin, № 4, p. 108—121. EDN: EKPCAHNosov, A. M. 2020, GIS-technologies of research of territorial differentiation and efficiency of agroholdings in Russia, InterCarto. InterGIS, № 3, p. 132—146, https://doi.org/10.35595/2414-9179-2020-3-26-132-146Likhnevskaya, N. V., Chugunova, N. V., Polyakova, T. A., Komkova, A. I. 2017, Agricultural holdings in the Belgorod region: the value in the economy and living standards in rural areas, Belgorod State University. Scientific Bulletin. Series: Economics. Information technologies, № 2, p. 5—14. EDN: YIZQDXNefedova, T. G. 2014, Agroindustrial concentration in russian regions, ECO, № 4, p. 64—82. EDN: QESOMSNefedova, T. G. 2017, Twenty-five years of post-soviet russian agriculture: geographic trends and contradictions, Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya, № 5, p. 7—18, https://doi.org/10.7868/S0373244417050012Nefedova, T. G. 2019, Development of the Post-Soviet Agricultural Sector and Rural Spatial Polarization in European Russia, Spatial Economics, № 4, p. 36—56, https://dx.doi.org/10.14530/se.2019.4.036-056Sheludkov, A. V. 2017, Post-soviet transformation of the territorial structure of the agriculture in the south of Tyumen oblast, Regional Research, № 4, p. 93—103. EDN: YQUELQNefedova, T. G. 2012, Major trends for changes in the socioeconomic space of rural Russia, Regional Research of Russia, vol. 2, № 1, p. 41—54, https://doi.org/10.1134/S2079970512010078Nefedova, T. G. 2013, The Transformation of Agriculture in Russia: Myths and Realities, Universe of Russia, № 1, p. 29—61. EDN: PVKGBVMorachevskaya, K. A., Lyzhina, E. A. 2020, Institutional gradients in the Russian-Belarusian borderland (on the example of conditions for the development of agriculture and food production), Baltic region — the region of cooperation — 2019, Kaliningrad. EDN: REFWFFHahlbrock, K., Hockmann, H., Schmitz, A., Meyers, W. 2015, Does agroholding membership increase productivity and efficiency in Russian agriculture? Evidence from agroholdings in the Belgorod Oblast, in: Schmitz, A., Meyers, W. H. (eds.), Transition to Agricultural Market Economies: The Future of Kazakhstan, Russia and Ukraine, p. 122—132, https://doi.org/10.1079/9781780645353.012Ostapchuk, I., Gagalyuk, T., Curtiss, J. 2021, Post-acquisition integration and growth of farms: the case of Ukrainian agroholdings, The International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, vol. 24, № 4, p. 615—636, https://doi.org/10.22434/IFAMR2020.0188Cramb, R., Manivong, V., Newby, J. C., Sothorn, K., Sibat, P. S. 2017, Alternatives to land grabbing: exploring conditions for smallholder inclusion in agricultural commodity chains in Southeast Asia, Journal of Peasant Studies, vol. 44, № 4, p. 813—841, https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2016.1242482Nefedova, T. G. 2022, Geo-economic changes in agro-complex of Russia under the new geopolitical realities, Regional Research, № 2, p. 4—15, https://doi.org/10.5922/1994-5280-2022-2-1Kleimenov, S. P. 2012, Territorial organization of the economy and population of the Pskov region: history and modernity, in: Russian-Belarusian borderland: twenty years of changes, Smolensk, Universum, p. 128—165.Zhen, L., Deng, X., Wei, Y. et al. 2014, Future land use and food security scenarios for the Guyuan district of remote western China, iForest: Biogeosciences and Forestry, vol. 7, № 6, p. 372—384, https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor1170-007Kuhmonen, I., Siltaoja, M. 2022, Farming on the margins: Just transition and the resilience of peripheral farms, Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions, vol. 43, p. 343—357, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2022.04.011Salvatore, R., Chiodo, E. 2024, Farmers’ permanence in peripheral rural areas. Place-based values as drivers of resistance beyond the decline, Qual Quant, vol. 58, p. 249—274, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-023-01642-7Некоторые вопросы эволюции модели современных международных отношений в Балтийском регионеI. I.Zhukovskyhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-8689-3898The demise of the USSR and the revision of the Yalta-Potsdam system of international relations led to tectonic changes in the Baltic Sea region: it became apparent that the northern flank, once the most likely battleground between the North Atlantic Alliance and the Warsaw Pact, had a historical opportunity to transform into a region of intensive political, economic, educational and cultural interaction. Under these circumstances, the construction of a new regional system of international relations unfolded at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. This article examines the evolution of the regional model of international relations, from a ‘cohesion region’ to a modern ‘conflict region’, through the analysis of the dynamics of regional cooperation networks amidst the crisis in the international system and politics. The study builds on the tradition of historical and political analysis of regions as agents in the international relations system, drawing on relevant documents and materials from international organisations, foreign ministries and other authorities of the Baltic Sea region states. The final part of the research emphasises the need for experts to search for a post-conflict regional agenda, with some proposals outlined.0605202614516010.5922/2079-8555-2024-4-7https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/15787/81926/Kaledin, N. V., Elatskov, A. 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D. 2012, Concepts of regionalization, regional subsystems, regional complexes and regional transformations in contemporary IR, Comparative Politics Russia, vol. 3, № 2, p. 30—58, https://doi.org/10.18611/2221-3279-2012-3-2(8)-30-58 (in Russ.).Koagne Zouapet, A. 2024, States and Regional International Organizations, International Organizations Law Review, vol. 21, № 1, p. 147—167, https://doi.org/10.1163/15723747-21010008DeBardeleben, J., Nechiporuk, D. 2018, Diverging views of EU-Russian borders: points of congruence and difference in EU and Russian analyses, Journal of Contemporary European Studies, vol. 27, № 2, p. 196—207, https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2018.1534727Joenniemi, P. (ed.). 1993, Cooperation in the Baltic Sea Region, London, Taylor & Francis.Christiansen, T. A. 1997, European Meso-Region? European Union Perspectives on the Baltic Sea Region, in: Joenniemi, P. (ed.), Neo-Nationalism or Regionality. The restructuring of Political Space Around the Baltic Rim, NordREFO: Nordiskt Institut för Regionalpolitisk Forskning, Stockholm, p. 254—292.Buzan, B., Wæver, O., Wilde, J. de. 1998, Security: a New Framework for Analysis, Boulder, London, Lynnie Rienner.Buzan, B., Wæver, O. 2003, Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.Tassinari, F. 2005, The European sea: Lessons from the Baltic Sea region for security and cooperation in the European neighborhood, Journal of Baltic Studies, vol. 36, № 4, p. 387—407, https://doi.org/10.1080/01629770500000171Rokiciński, J. 2006, Zagrożenia asymetryczne w regionie bałtyckim, Bel Studio, Warszawa.Szubrycht, Т. 2010, Bałtyckie wymiary bezpieczeństwa, Akademia Marynarki Wojennej, Gdynia.Kaunert, C., de Deus Pereira, J. 2023, EU Eastern Partnership, Ontological Security and EU-Ukraine/Russian warfare, Journal of Contemporary European Studies, vol. 31, № 4, p. 1135—1146, https://doi.org/10.1080/14782804.2023.2183182Fedorov, G. M., Korneevets, V. S. 2015, Socioeconomic typology of Russia’s coastal regions, Baltic Region, № 4, p. 121—134, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2015-4-7Mezhevich, N. M., Kretinin, G. V., Fedorov, G. M. 2016, Economic and geographical structure of the Baltic Sea region, Baltic Region, vol. 8, № 3, p. 15—29, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2016-3-1Fedorov, G. M. 2018, Russian Federation in the Baltic Region: Political Relations and Economic Development in 1992—2017, Polis. Political Studies, № 3, p. 30—41, https://doi.org/10.17976/jpps/2018.03.03 (in Russ.).Chlopetskiy, A. P., Fedorov, G. M. 2000, Kaliningrad Region: Region of Cooperation, Kaliningrad, Yantarny Skaz Publishing House (in Russ.).Khudoley, K. K., Lanko, D. A. 2019, Finnish Security Dilemma, NATO and the Factor of Eastern Europe, MEMO Journal, vol. 63, № 3, p. 13—20, https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2019-63-3-13-20Khudoley, K. 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Baltic cooperation in marine spatial planning, Baltic Region, vol. 10, № 2, p. 100—113, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2018-2-7Chilla, T., Gänzle, S., Sielker, F., Stead, D. 2017, Macro-regional strategies of the European Union: a new research agenda, in: Trondal, J. (ed.), The Rise of Common Political Order, Edward Elgar Publishing, https://doi.org/10.4337/9781786435002.00015Aaviksoo, J. 2002, University Co-operation in the Baltic Sea Region, in: Henningsen, B. (ed.), Towards a Knowledgebased Society in the Baltic Sea Region, Berlin, p. 75—79.Musiał, K., 2002, Education, research and the Baltic Sea Region Building, in: Musiał, K. (ed.), Approaching Knowledge Society in the Baltic Sea Region. Gdansk, Berlin, р. 42—60.Gänzle, S., Kern, K., Tynkkynen, N. 2022, Governing the Baltic Sea Region at critical junctures (1991—2021): How do transnational and intergovernmental organizations cope with external regional change? Journal of Baltic Studies, vol. 54, № 3, p. 421—442, https://doi.org/10.1080/01629778.2022.2140356Piirimäe, K. 2024, A nearly perfect marathon: the United States and the Baltic states’ accession to NATO, Journal of Baltic Studies, vol. 55, № 3, p. 651—669, https://doi.org/10.1080/01629778.2024.2370586Linsenmaier, T. 2024, The United States and the entry of the Baltic states into international society: insights from the case of Estonia, Journal of Baltic Studies, vol. 55, № 3, p. 631—649, https://doi.org/10.1080/01629778.2024.2361096Smirnov, P. Ye. 2023, The accession of Finland and Sweden to NATO: geopolitical implications for Russia’s position in the Baltic Sea region, Baltic Region, vol. 15, № 4, p. 42—61, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2023-4-3Chikhachev, A. Yu. 2023. France’s strategy in the Baltic region: military and political aspects, Baltic Region, vol. 15, № 1, p. 4—17, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2023-1-1Миграционная типология прибрежных эксклавов мираV. LialinaAnnahttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-8479-413XP. PlotnikovaAngelinahttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5502-8866A significant contribution to the study of migration in the exclave region of Kaliningrad, including an analysis of determining factors, was made by Dr. hab. Prof Gennady Fedorov, who conceptualised migration movements as a demographic element within the geo-demographic context. He was the first to highlight the distinctive nature of migration processes in the region, shaped by its historical background and unique economic-geographical position. This article examines how the exclave position, including spatial remoteness from the parent state, affects migration patterns. To this end, migration is examined in thirteen coastal exclaves worldwide, excluding military bases and uninhabited territories. Situated in diverse regions worldwide, these areas are characterised by varying climatic, economic, and institutional conditions, as well as distinct historical and cultural features in societal development, each overcoming the challenges of spatial isolation in a unique way. These differences are reflected in the attractiveness of the exclaves to migrants and, consequently, in the current migration situation. This study is the first attempt to produce a typology of exclaves by examining local migration situations. To this end, exclaves are compared using indicators of population migration, its role in population replacement, transport connectivity with the parent and neighbouring states and the natural and socio-economic conditions of regional development from 2017 to 2022. The comparison produces a typology of coastal exclaves based on the characteristics of migration processes. Exclaves that lack attractiveness to migrants include those developing under harsh climatic conditions such as Alaska; those experiencing extreme temperatures and possessing underdeveloped economies like Oecussi-Ambeno, Temburong and French Guiana; and densely populated exclaves facing a massive refugee influx, such as Ceuta and Melilla. Attractive exclaves are economically prosperous regions that take advantage of their coastal location, such as the Kaliningrad region and Crimea, and specialise in oil and gas production, for example, Cabinda and Musandam. The third type comprises the most densely populated exclave of Gibraltar, along with the highly developed regions of Dubrovnik and Northern Ireland, where migration has minimal impact on population replacement.0605202616118510.5922/2079-8555-2024-4-8https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/15788/81927/Rozhkov-Yuryevsky, Yu. D. 2013, The concepts of enclave and exclave and their use in the political and geographical characteristic of the Kaliningrad region, Baltic Region, № 2, p. 113—123, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2013-2-11Zverev, Yu. M. 2018, Сoastal exclaves among enclosed territories of the world, Vestnik of Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University. Series: Natural and Medical Sciences, № 4, p. 18—32. EDN: YVBBVZ (in Russ.).Vinokurov. E. Yu. 2007, Teorija anklavov, Kaliningrad (in Russ.).Rozhkov-Yuryevsky, Yu. D. 2016, Kaliningrad and Crimea as Russian exclaves: similarities, differences, and interconnections, Vestnik of Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University. Series: Natural and Medical Sciences, № 3, p. 28—44. EDN: XBOEPR (in Russ.).Karachurina, L. B., Mkrtchyan, N. V., 2023. Migration distances in Russia: a demographic profile of migrants, Baltic Region, vol. 15, № 2, p. 4—22, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2023-2-1Voloshenko, К. Yu., Fidrya, E. S., Lialina, A. V., Farafonova, Yu. Yu., Novikova, А. А. 2023, Motives for the Migration of It Specialists to the Kaliningrad Region from Russian Regions. Monitoring of Public Opinion: Economic and Social Changes, № 5, p. 151—176, https://doi.org/10.14515/monitoring.2023.5.2376 (in Russ.).Lialina, A. V. 2024, Social and economic development of the Kaliningrad region in new conditions: local specifics, Vestnik of Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University. Series: Humanities and social science, № 1, p. 85—106, https://doi.org/10.5922/sikbfu-2024-1-6 (in Russ.).Popkova, L. I. 2023, Migration processes in the regions of the Western borderlands of Russia with a land border, in: Klemeshev, A. P., Lialina, A. V. (eds.), Migration processes in the formation of the labor potential of the border regions of Russia: 2011—2021, Kaliningrad, IKBFU Press, p. 159—178. EDN: AZFXLCHrynkevych, O. 2017, Cross-border factor of educational migration of Ukrainian youth to Poland: social-economic opportunities and threats, Economic Annals — ХХI, vol. 163, № 1-2, p. 26—30, https://doi.org/10.21003/ea.v163-05Mikhel, E. A., Krutova, O. S. 2011, Migratory processes as mirrored by the transformations: border regions in Russia, Economic and Social Changes: Facts, Trends, Forecast, № 2, p. 74—83. EDN: UCDQBRKolosov, V. А. 2016, Cross-border regionalisation and commuters: european experience for Russia? Regional Studies, № 3 (53), p. 83—93. EDN: XCNYBB (in Russ.).Katrovsky, A. P., Kovalev, Yu. P. (eds.). 2012, The Russian-Belarusian border area: twenty years of changes, Smolensk, Universum. EDN: QVLCOZ (in Russ.).Voloshenko, К. Yu., Lialina, A. V. 2022, Attractiveness of the Kaliningrad region: pull factors and reasons for disappointments of migrants from Russian regions, Baltic Region, vol. 14, № 3, p. 102—128, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2022-3-6Kiss, É., Jankó, F., Bertalan, L., Mikó, E. 2018, Nyugat és Kelet határán: Sopron a belföldi migrációban, Tér és Társadalom, vol. 32, № 4, p. 151—166, https://doi.org/10.17649/TET.32.4.3070Kolosov, V. A. (eds.). 2018, The Russian border: challenges of the neighborhood, М., IP Matushkina. EDN: HMTFQP (in Russ.).Omelchenko, D., Maximova, S., Molodikova, I. 2018, Risks of international migration and integration policy Asian Boderland (on the results of sociological research in the Altai Territory), Society and Security Insights, № 3, p. 53—77. EDN: VKVAOA (in Russ.).Villarreal, A., Hamilton, E. R. 2012, Rush to the border? 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