NONE20260530035352140Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal Universityno-reply@balticregion.kantiana.ruImmanuel Kant Baltic Federal UniversityBaltic Region2079-85552310-052405302026163Развитие как ключевое оценочное понятие трансформации пространственных системN. LeksinV.https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8974-5444This article examines the spatial socioeconomic development problems that have emerged prominently in Russia in recent years. A special focus is the notion of ‘razvitie’ (development) gaining mainstream traction in the vocabulary of Russian politicians, researchers and media professionals. Authoritative scholarly opinions are cited, describing development as a process of changes in objects and phenomena without implying a positive connotation. Using the example of external regulation of anthropogenic spatial systems, it is shown that development should enhance the stability of the systems’ functioning, considering their equifinality and potential for self-organisation (self-development). A genetic connection is established between the concept of ‘spatial development’ and the global advances in economic geography. Attention is paid to the features of spatial and regional development as strategic planning objects. The article also examines the feasibility of accurately assessing the outcomes of a spatial development strategy by quantifying the achievement of its goals and targets. It is emphasised that results highlighting regional disparities and settlement patterns should be compared within groups of similar regions and macro-regions, such as northern, central and southern provinces of European Russia, Siberian territories, the Far East, the Arctic Zone and the republics of the North Caucasus. For demographic processes, comparisons should be based on specific population groups: children, youth, the working-age population, pensioners and migrants. Specific changes in productive forces distribution that align with target indicators should be verified by population assessments based on annual surveys.0530202642010.5922/2079-8555-2024-3-1https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/15724/80344/Leksin, V. N. 2018, Anthropogenic spatial systems: peculiarities of function and transformation, Proceedings of the Instittute for Systems Analysis Russian Academy of Sciences (ISA RAS), vol. 68, № 1, p. 74—86. EDN: YUZTQQ (in Russ.).Leksin, V. N. 2021, The realities of territorial systems functioning and government strategies affecting their transformation, Proceedings of the II Granberg Conference, Novosibirsk, IEIE SB RAS, p. 14—25, https://doi.org/10.53954/9785604607893_14 (in Russ.).Leksin, V. N. 2022, Uncertainty, risks and sustainability of systems, Proceedings of the Instittute for Systems Analysis Russian Academy of Sciences (ISA RAS), vol. 72, № 1, p. 3—14, https://doi.org/10.14357/20790279220101 (in Russ.).Leksin, V. N., Shvetsov, A. N. 2024, Natural and Regulative-Imperative in the Spatial Development of Russia, Federalism, vol. 29, № 2, p. 5—31, https://doi.org/10.21686/2073-1051-2024-2-5-31 (in Russ.).Prigozhin, I., Stengers, I. 1986, Porjadok iz haosa [Order out of Chaos], M., Progress, p. 56 (in Russ.).Kosolapov, N. A. 2013, The idea of development: a theory claim, Oriens, № 4, p. 30—37. EDN: RESGAT (in Russ.).Moiseev, N. N. 1987, Algoritmy razvitija [Development algorithms], М., Nauka, 232 p. (in Russ.).Elfimova, O. S. 2013, The idea of development in the paradigm of national security of Russia, International Research Journal, № 10-4, p. 66—67. EDN: ROQHNH (in Russ.).Olshannikova, N. A. 2017, The idea of development of a Russian university, Ideas and Ideals, № 4, part 1, p. 105—112. EDN: ZWSVNP (in Russ.).Cheshkov, M. A. 2004, The idea of development: necessity and possibility of reinterpretation, Social Sciences and Contemporary World, № 5, p. 130—140. EDN: OWPJJF (in Russ.).Thuenen, J. 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P., Gertler, M. S. (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Economic Geography, Oxford University Press, p. 49—60.Fujita, M., Krugman, P., Venables, A. J. 1999, The Spatial Economy: Cities, Regions, and International Trade, Cambridge, Massachusetts, The MIT Press, 367 p.Fujita, M., Krugman, P. 2004, The New Economic Geography: Past, Present and the Future, Papers in Regional Science. Wiley-Blackwell, vol. 83, р. 139—164, https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s10110-003-0180-0Henderson, J. V. 1974, The Sizes and Types of Cities, American Economic Review, vol. 64, № 4, р. 640—656.Hanson, G. H. 1998, Market Potential, Returns, and Geographic Concentration, Journal of International Economics, vol. 67, № 1, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2004.09.008Brakman, S., Garretsen, H., Schramm, M. 2002, New Economic Geography in Germany: Testing the Helpman-Hanson Model, HWW, Discussion Paper 172.Ago, T., Isono, I., Tabuchi, T. 2006, Locational Disadvantage of the Hub, The Annals of Regional Science, vol. 40, p. 819—848, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-005-0030-xPorter, M. E. 1990, The Competitive Advantage of Nations: With a New Introduction, N. Y., The Free Press, Palgrave Tenth Edition, 855 p.Maskell, P., Malberg, A. 1999, Localized Learning and Industrial Competitiveness, Cambridge Journal of Economics, vol. 23, № 2, р. 167—185, https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/23.2.167Rosenfeld, S. A. 1997, Bringing Business Clusters into the Mainstream of Economic Development, European Planning Studies, vol. 5, № 1, р. 3—23, https://doi.org/10.1080/09654319708720381Scott, A., Storper, M. 2003, Regions, Globalization, Development, Regional Studies, vol. 37, № 6-7, р. 579—593, https://doi.org/10.1080/0034340032000108697aKetels, C. 2013, Recent research on competitiveness and clusters: What are the implications for regional policy?, Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, vol. 6, iss. 12, р. 269—284, https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rst008Wennberg, K., Lindqvist, G. 2010, The effect of clusters on the survival and performance of new firms. Small Business, Economics, vol. 34, iss. 3, р. 221—241, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-008-9123-0Leksin, V. N. 2024, “A different country” and its regional policy, Region: Economics and Sociology, № 1 (121), р. 115—149. EDN: IFBVKD (in Russ.).Kuzmin, S. S. 2015, Incrementalism as a strategic response to environmental uncertainty, Economic and law issues, № 3, p. 73—77. EDN: ULPFPD (in Russ.).Gorbunova, A. Y. 2016, Logical incrementalism as a method of modern organizations’ management, Discussion, № 4 (67), p. 19—23. EDN: VUVZGL (in Russ.).Klimova, I. I. 2011, Incrementalism concept and evolution thereof, Financial Journal, № 4, p. 63—72. EDN: OHELZX (in Russ.).Формальные границы и трансграничные взаимодействия: страна — регион — муниципалитетA. KolosovV.https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2817-9463B. SebentsovA.https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9665-5666A. MorachevskayaK.https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1269-1059This study draws on the concept of isomorphism of formal borders (those established by legislative acts), which postulates similarity in their functions performed in different combinations by borders of various statuses. The article aims to explore the isomorphism of formal borders and their impact on the economy and the quotidian practices of the population. The study employs expert interviews and personal observations from several Russian regions while analysing regional and municipal socioeconomic development strategies. On the one hand, the barrier and constitutive functions of borders help to level the socioeconomic gradient within such boundaries. On the other hand, these same functions accentuate the contrasts between neighbouring territories. The general characteristics of borders also encompass their capacity to either attract or deter specific activities and create or exacerbate the peripherality of adjacent areas. The tension between the continuity of physical and social space and the barrier function of borders shapes the population’s ‘cross-border’ practices, generating commodity flows and other interactions between neighbouring territories. This interaction, in turn, necessitates cooperation between border territories to address a range of cross-border issues. However, such collaborations exist almost exclusively at the interstate level. At the regional and municipal level, this need is either unaddressed or absent, even when acknowledged in strategic planning documents.05302026214110.5922/2079-8555-2024-3-2https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/15724/80345/Kolosov, V., O’Loughlin, J. 1998, New borders for new world orders: Territorialities at the fin-de-siecle, GeoJournal, vol. 44, № 3, p. 259—273, https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006846322508Kolosov, V. A. 2022, Border studies in the contemporary world: progress in theory and main directions, Regional Studies, № 3, p. 23—36, https://doi.org/10.5922/1994-5280-2022-3-2 (in Russ.).Kolosov, V. A. 2024, Functions, isomorphism and general features of the state and other borders, Borders, border regions, cross-border interaction, M., First Economic Publishing House, p. 7—15, https://doi.org/10.18334/9785912925221-7-15 (in Russ.).Anderson, B. 2006, Imagined Communities, L., N. Y., Verso.Kolosov, V., Scott, J. 2013, Selected conceptual issues in border studies, Belgeo, № 1, https://doi.org/10.4000/belgeo.10532Konrad, V. 2015, Toward a Theory of Borders in Motion, Journal of Borderlands Studies, vol. 30, № 1, p. 1—17, https://doi.org/10.1080/08865655.2015.1008387Scott, J. W. 2020, A Research Agenda for Border Studies, https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788972741.00007Brambilla, C. 2015, Exploring the Critical Potential of the Borderscapes Concept, Geopolitics, vol. 20, № 1, p. 14—34, https://doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2014.884561Rodoman, B. B., Eckel, B. M. (eds.). 1982, Geographical Boundaries, Moscow, Izd-vo Mosk. un-ta (in Russ.).Shuvalov, V. E. 2022, Theoretical limology as an interdisciplinary area of science, Regional Studies, № 3, p. 37—43, https://doi.org/10.5922/1994-5280-2022-3-3 (in Russ.).Kolosov, V. A. 2008, Geography of state borders: ideas, achievements, practice, Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya, № 5, p. 8—20. EDN: JSJZCV (in Russ.).Sevastyanov, S. V., Line, Y., Kireev, A. A. (eds.). 2016, Introduction to Border Studies, Vladivostok, Dalnauka. EDN: YHSFUZ (in Russ.).Amilhat Szary, A.-L. 2020, Géopolitique des Frontières. Découper la Terre, Imposer une Vision du Monde, P., Le Cavalier Bleu.Paasi, A. 2021, Problematizing ‘bordering, ordering, and othering, as manifestations of socio-spatial fetishism, Tijdschrift voor Economishe en Sociale Geografie, vol. 112, p. 18—25, https://doi.org/10.1111/tesg.12422Morachevskaya, K. A. 2022, Borderland phenomenon: approaches to interpretation and the role of center-peripheral gradients, Regional Studies, № 3, p. 44—53, https://doi.org/10.5922/1994-5280-2022-3-4 (in Russ.).Kolosov, V. A., Sebentsov, A. B. 2020, Russian borderlands: contemporary problems and challenges, Regional Sciences: Policy and Practice, vol. 12, № 4, p. 671—688, https://doi.org/10.1111/rsp3.12285Kolosov, V. A., Zotova, M. V., Sebentsov, A. B. 2016, Barrier function of Russian borders, Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya, № 5, p. 8—20, https://doi.org/10.15356/0373-2444-2016-5-8-20 (in Russ.).van Geenhuizen, M., Ratti, R. (eds.). 2001, Gaining Advantage from Open Borders: An Active Space Approach to Regional Development, Routledge.Zubarevich, N. V. 2014, Regional development and regional policy in Russia, ECO, vol. 44, № 4, p. 6—27. EDN: RZLYST (in Russ.).Okunev, I. Y., Oskolkov, P. V., Tislenko, M. I. 2018, Incorporation of Russian Federation Regions: Institutional and Social Consequences, Polis. Political Studies, vol. 27, № 2, p. 8—28, https://doi.org/10.17976/jpps/2018.02.02 (in Russ.).Kolosov, V. A., Sebentsov, A. B. 2023, The border as a barrier and an incentive for the structural economic transformation of the Kaliningrad exclave, Baltic Region, vol. 15 (4), p. 104—123, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2023-4-6Sagan, I., Studzińska, D., Nowicka, K., Kolosov, V., Zotova, M., Sebentsov, A. 2018, The local border traffic zone experiment as an instrument of cross-border integration: the case of Polish-Russian borderland, Geographia Polonica, vol. 91, № 1, p. 95— 112, https://doi.org/10.7163/GPol.0102Makarychev, A. S. 2002, Spatial characteristics of cross-border security, in: Security and International Cooperation in the Belt of Russia’s New Borders, p. 8—40 (in Russ.).Sebentsov, A. B. 2018, Institutional dimension of cross-border cooperation in the Russian borderland, Regional Studies, № 3, p. 66—75. EDN: VPMQAB (in Russ.).Karpenko, M. S., Kolosov, V. A., Sebentsov, A. B. 2021, Transformation of Russia-Kazakhstan border-zone cooperation in the post-soviet period: institutional and economic dimensions, Problems of National Strategy, № 5, p. 25—39, https://doi.org/10.52311/2079-3359_2021_5_25 (in Russ.).Sebentsov, A. B. 2020, Cross-border cooperation on the EU-Russian borders: results of the program approach, Geography, Environment, Sustainability, vol. 13, № 1, p. 74—83, https://doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2019-136Векторы и проблемы современного пространственного разви­тия регионов Ближнего Севера Европейской частиG. NefedovaT.https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6511-1938This article employs a comprehensive economic and geographical approach to examine the extensive European segment of Russia that extends north of the Moscow region – the area commonly known as Blizhny Sever (Near North). New challenges require an improvement of Russia’s spatial development strategy. The case of the region is used to illustrate the possibility of a multiscale approach to identifying socioeconomic contrasts within regions and describing the interdependent development of their parts. The study analyses population change trends from 1990 to 2022 alongside the territory’s migration patterns, employment trends and infrastructure development. The spatial approach is crucial in this context, owing to the natural variations within the macroregion, the suburban-peripheral contrasts and the growing role of the central cities. The study closely examines the eastern part of the macro-region, from Yaroslavl to Kirov. The compression of developed areas and the degradation of essential living conditions have been the most pronounced trends in the post-Soviet period, along with organisational and economic changes in key economic sectors. The study also explores how the impact of regional centres on surrounding areas changes with distance. It places emphasis on the shifting paradigm of agricultural land use under new institutional and economic conditions, the increasingly patchwork character of farming and the implications of the focus on animal husbandry. The work relies on analysing municipal-level statistical information and the extensive use of maps. Identifying both relatively successful and highly problematic areas within this vast macro-region can aid in devising new visions to enhance national and regional spatial development strategies.05302026426110.5922/2079-8555-2024-3-3https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/15724/80346/Layzerovich, E. E. 2008, The course of population concentration in the central parts of the subjects of the Russian Federation after 1990, The transformation of the Russian space: socio-economic and natural resource factors (multi-scale analysis), M., MARS, p. 173—181. EDN: TJWXOIDruzhinin, A. G., Kuznetsova, O. V. 2024, Spatial development strategy of Russia: update vectors, Geographical Bulletin, № 1, p. 15—26. EDN: IVYTNOPokrovsky, N. E., Nefedova, T. G. (eds.). 2016, The Ecumene of the Near North of Russia, М., University Book. EDN: ZUYFTBNefedova, T. G. 2019, Development of the Post-Soviet Agricultural Sector and Rural Spatial Polarization in European Russia, Prostranstvennaya Ekonomika = Spatial Economics, vol. 15, № 4, p. 36—56, https://doi.org/10.14530/se.2019.4.036-056Nefedova, T. G., Starikova, A. V. (eds.). 2021, Old-developed regions in the sociogeographic space of Russia: history and contemporaneity, М., Association of Scientific Publications of the KMK.Druzhinin, P. V. 2022, The Resource Concentration in Moscow: Impact on the Economy of the Central Federal District, Prostranstvennaya Ekonomika = Spatial Economics, vol. 18, № 3, p. 115—140, https://doi.org/10.14530/se.2022.3.115-140Shvarts, E. A., Shmatkov, N. M., Karpachevsky, M. L., Baibar, A. S. 2022, Challenges and problems of reforming the forestry sector in Russia, Izvestia Sankt-Peterburgskoj lesotehniceskoj akademii, № 241, p. 157—172. EDN: SVWNKTMkrtchyan, N. V., Karachurnia, L. B. 2014, The Baltics and Russian North-West: the core and the periphery in the 2000s, Baltic Region, № 2, p. 48—62, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2014-2-4Tolstoguzov, О. V. 2022, Structural changes in the economy of the Russian north-west regions: institutional factor, Baltic Region, vol. 14, № 1, p. 56—74, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2022-1-4Nefedova, T. G., Treyvish, A. I. 2020, Polarization and shrinkage of active space in the core of Russia: trends, problems and possible solutions, Demographic Review, vol. 7, № 2, p. 31—53, https://doi.org/10.17323/demreview.v7i2.11138Ioffe, G. V., Nefedova, T. G. 2001, Center and periphery in agriculture of Russian regions, Problems of Forecasting, № 6, p. 100—110. EDN: HRTOVBRumjancev, I. N., Smirnova, A. A., Tkachenko, A. A. 2019, Rural settlements “without population” as a geographical and statistical phenomenon, Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seriya Geografiya, № 1, p. 29—27. EDN: YZNKWTTkachenko, A. A., Smirnov, I. P., Smirnova, A. A. 2019, Transformation of the rural settlement centers network in a municipal district of central Russia, Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Seriya Geografiya, № 2, p. 78—85.Averkieva, K., Nefedova, T., Kondakova, T. 2021, Spatial socio-economic polarization in the central developed regions of Russia: the case of Yaroslavl Oblast, Universe of Russia, vol. 30, № 1, p. 49—66, https://doi.org/10.17323/1811-038X-2021-30-1-49-66Popov, A. V., Solovyova, T. S., Korolenko, A. V., Gruzdeva, M. A. (eds.). 2024, Cities and rural periphery of modern Russia: key trends and risks of employment transformation in the perspective of spatial development of territories, Vologda, Vologda Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences.Nefedova, T. G., Treivish, A. I. 2019, Urbanization and Seasonal Deurbanization in Modern Russia, Regional Research of Russia, vol. 9, № 1, p. 1—11, https://doi.org/10.1134/S2079970519010088Karachurina, L. B., Mkrtchan, N. V. 2016, Role of migration in enhancing contrasts of settlement pattern at municipal level in Russia, Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya, № 5, p. 46—59, https://doi.org/10.15356/0373-2444-2016-5-46-59Mkrtchyan, N. V. 2019, Migration in rural areas of Russia: territorial differences. Population and Economics, vol. 3, № 1, р. 39—52, https://doi.org/10.3897/popecon.3.e34780Mkrtchyan, N.V. 2018, Regional capitals and their suburbs in Russia: net migration patterns, Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya, № 6, p. 26— 38, https://doi.org/10.1134/S2587556618060110Averkieva, K. V. 2017, Symbiosis of agriculture and forestry on the early-developed periphery of the Non-Black Earth Region: The case of the Tarnogsky district of the Vologda Region, Russian Peasant Studies, vol. 2, № 4, p. 86—106, https://doi.org/10.22394/2500-1809-2017-2-4-86-106Gunko, M. S., Pivovar, G. A., Averkieva, K. V. 2019, Renewal of small cities in European Russia (case study of Borovichi, Vyksa, Rostov), Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya, № 5, р. 18—31, https://doi.org/10.31857/S2587-55662019518-31Nefedova, T. G., Averkieva, K. V., Makhrova, A. G. (eds.). 2016, Between the home and... home. Return spatial mobility of population in Russian, M., New Chronograph.Sheludkov, A., Starikova, A. 2021, Night-time light satellite imagery reveals hotspots of second home mobility in rural Russia (a case study of Yaroslavl oblast), Regional Science Policy and Practice, vol. 44, № 4, https://doi.org/10.1111/rsp3.12441Meyfroidt, P., Schierhorn, F., Prishchepov, A., Müller, D., Kuemmerle, T. 2016, Drivers, constraints and trade-offs associated with recultivating abandoned cropland in Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan, Global Environmental Change, vol. 37, p. 1—15, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.GLOENVCHA.2016.01.003Medvedev, А. А. 2022, The Fields and Farms of Central Russia as Seen from Space, Regional Research of Russia, vol. 12, suppl. 1, p. S65—S73, https://doi.org/10.1134/S2079970522700344Uzun, V. Ya., Shagaida, N. I., Gataulina, E. A., Shishkina, E. A. 2022, The holdingization of agribusiness in Russia, М., Publishing House DELO. RANEPA. EDN: LRJRSFBelyaeva, M. 2024, The chips are flying. How the logging industry is organized in the Vologda region, M., Common Place, Khamovniki Social Research Support Fund. 192 p.Glezer, O. B. 2016, The ongoing municipal reform in Russia and innovations 2014—2015, Russia 2016: Annual report of the Franco-Russian analytical center Observo, M., Observo, p. 373—386. EDN: WYTPJFTreivish, A. I., Glezer, O. B., Nefedova, T. G. 2021, Old-developed areas in the waves of municipal reform, in: Nefedova, T. G., Starikova, A. V. (eds.), 2021, Old-developed regions in the sociogeographic space of Russia: history and contemporaneity, М., Association of Scientific Publications of the KMK, p. 68—77.Nefedova, T., Baskin, L., Pokrovsky, N. 2021, Evolution of Socio-Economic Space in the Local Rural Areas in the Near North (case of the Manturovsky district of the Kostroma region), Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya, № 12, p. 124—134, https://doi.org/10.31857/S013216250016852-0Балтийский вектор в стратегиях регионов и муниципалитетов российской БалтикиA. GresR.https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5502-1074S. ZhikharevichB.https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7171-6335Quantitative content analysis was employed to examine 63 strategies for the socioeconomic development of regions and municipalities within Russian Baltic territories. The aim was to assess the extent to which the ‘Baltic agenda’ – themes specific to this area – manifest themselves in the documents. Strategies developed between 2010 and 2023 and in force as of February 2024 were analysed. Indices of manifestation (IM) were calculated based on the number of mentions of 77 marker words. The formula for IM calculation includes the absolute number of mentions of words, adjusted for their significance, which was determined by their frequency of use and location within the text of the strategy. The IM was computed for three interrelated directions: Baltic, European and global. The maximum values of IM are characteristic of the strategy of the Kaliningrad region, which, in addition to objective factors, is due to the unusual voluminosity of the document. At the municipal level, the most impressive performances on this measure are seen in municipalities of the Kaliningrad region (Kaliningrad, Zelenogradsk, Gusev, Slavsk, Baltiysk and Bagrationovsk), Vyborg in the Leningrad region and Pskov. For Kaliningrad and Vyborg, two strategy versions were examined, making it possible to observe changes in the volume and focus on Baltic issues: the strategies are becoming shorter, with diminishing attention given to the Baltic agenda. A map diagram was drawn to illustrate the division of municipal strategies into five groups for each direction. Spatial differentiation is evident: the average IM value for the documents of the inner band of the Russian Baltic area is 2.7 times that for strategies of the outer band.05302026628610.5922/2079-8555-2024-3-4https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/15724/80347/Druzhinin, A. G., Kuznetsova, O. V. 2022, The sea factor in the federal regulation of Russia’s spatial development: post-soviet experience and current priorities, Baltic Region, vol. 14, № 4, p. 4—19, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2022-4-1Druzhinin, A. G. 2023, The geopolitical effect of the maritime factor on the spatial development of post-Soviet Russia: the Baltic case, Baltic Region, vol. 15, № 4, p. 6—23, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2023-4-1Klemeshev, A. P., Korneevets, V. S., Palmowski, Т., Studzieniecki, Т., Fedorov, G. M. 2017, Approaches to the definition of the Baltic Sea region, Baltic Region, vol. 9, № 4, p. 7—28, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2017-4-1Kolosov, V. A., Zotova, M. V., Sebentsov, A. B. 2016, Barrier function of Russian borders, Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Geograficheskaya, № 5, p. 8—20, https://doi.org/10.15356/0373-2444-2016-5-8-20 (in Russ.).Klemeshev, A. P., Vorozheina, Ya. A., Gumenyuk, I. S., Fedorov, G. M. 2022, Cross-border cooperation along the Russian state border. Part 2: Regions of Russia’s Western and South-Western Borderlands, Kaliningrad, IKBFU Publishing House. EDN: KWYVPC (in Russ.).Kaledin, N. V., Elatskov, A. B. 2024, Geopolitical regionalisation of the Baltic area: the essence and historical dynamics, Baltic Region, vol. 16, № 1, p. 141—158, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2024-1-8Druzhinin, A. G., Lachininskii, S. S., Shendrik, A. V. 2018, The economic and residential dynamics of settlements of the Leningrad region: influence of factors of a cross-border clustering, Proceedings of the Russian Geographical Society, № 3, p. 12— 27. EDN: XNGLXV (in Russ.).Gres, R. A., Zhikharevich, B. S., Pribyshin, T. K. 2022, Arctic Specifics in Arctic Municipal Strategies, Regional Research of Russia, vol. 12, № 2, p. 192—203, https://doi.org/10.1134/s2079970522020125 (in Russ.).Budaeva, K. V., Klimanov, V. V. 2014, The evolution of the development and content of regional strategic planning documents in the Russian Federation, Regional economics: theory and practice, № 40, р. 52—63. EDN: SVJZSN (in Russ.).Roslyakova, N. A., Mitrofanova, I. V., Kanevsky, E. A., Boyarsky, K. K. 2023, Features of socio-economic development in the Russian North and South: A methodology for semi-automatic analysis of strategic planning documents, Sever i Rynok: Formirovanie Ekonomiceskogo Poradka, № 3, p. 61—77, https://doi.org/10.37614/2220-802X.3.2023.81.004 (in Russ.).Risin, I. E., Chicherina, A. S. 2021. Assessment of the Modern Practice of Strategizing Social and Economic Development of Large Cities, Regional Economy. South of Russia, vol. 9, № 2, p. 13—21, https://doi.org/10.15688/re.volsu.2021.2.2 (in Russ.).Kostko, N., Pecherkina, I., Popkova, A. 2022, Implementation models for the «smart city» concept in the strategies for socio-economic development of large cities in the Russian Federation, Public Administration Issues, № 4, p. 197—223, https://doi.org/10.17323/1999-5431-2022-0-4-197-223 (in Russ.).Lubsanova, N. B., Maksanova, L. B., Bardakhanova, T. B., Mikheeva, A. S., Sadykova, E. T. 2022, Methodology for assessing the green vector of regional development, BSU bulletin. Economy and Management, № 4, p. 78—89, https://doi.org/10.18101/2304-4446-2022-4-78-89 (in Russ.).Stepanova, S. V. 2016, The role of tourism in the development of Russia’s Northwestern border regions, Baltic Region, vol. 8, № 3, p. 109—120, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2016-3-9Glukhikh, P. L. 2022, Adapting regional strategies to the new non-resource export development target, Baltic Region, vol. 14, № 1, p. 34—55, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2022-1-3Marciszewska, B. 2022, Public-private partnership and strategic documents for the development of regional tourism : an example of the voivodships in northern Poland, European Research Studies Journal, vol. 25, № 2, р. 461—473, https://doi.org/10.35808/ersj/2947Rinkinen, S., Oikarinen, T., Melkas, H. 2016, Social enterprises in regional innovation systems: a review of Finnish regional strategies, European Planning Studies, vol. 24, № 4, p. 723—741, https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2015.1108394Ahvenniemi, H., Huovila, A. 2021, How do cities promote urban sustainability and smartness? An evaluation of the city strategies of six largest Finnish cities, Environment, Development and Sustainability, vol. 23, p. 4174—4200, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00765-3Bhatt, Y., Ghuman, K., Dhir, A. 2020, Sustainable manufacturing. Bibliometrics and content analysis, Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 260, 120988, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120988Torelli, R., Balluchi, F., Furlotti, K. 2020, Themateriality assessment and stakeholder engagement: A con-tent analysis of sustainability reports, Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, vol. 27, № 3, p. 470—484, https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1813Jamali, N., Vatankhah, S., Maleki, M., Emami, S. M. H. 2023, Entrepreneurship Development Policies in Iran; A critical Review of the Strategic Document and A Comparison to Alphabet Model of Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, International Journal of Management and Business Research, vol. 7, № 1, p. 121—141.Fallah, R., Maleki, M., Aryankhesal, A., Haghdoost, A. 2023, Reviewing the national health services quality policies and strategies of the Iranian health system: A document analysis, International Journal of Preventive Medicine, vol. 14, № 1, 107 р., https://doi.org/10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_1_22Kleinheksel, A. J., Rockich-Winston, N., Tawfik, H. E., Wyatt, T. R. 2020, Demystifying Content Analysis, American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, vol. 84, № 1, https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe7113Kyngäs, H., Kääriäinen, M., Elo, S. 2020, The Trustworthiness of Content Analysis, in: Kyngäs, H., Mikkonen, K., Kääriäinen, M. (eds.), The Application of Content Analysis in Nursing Science Research, Springer, Cham, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30199-6_5Lindgren, B.-M., Lundman, B., Graneheim, U. H. 2020, Abstraction and interpretation during the qualitative content analysis process, International Journal of Nursing Studies, vol. 108, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2020.103632Wood, L. M., Sebar, B., Vecchio, N. 2020, Application of Rigour and Credibility in Qualitative Document Analysis: Lessons Learnt from a Case Study, Qualitative Report, vol. 25, № 2, p. 456—470, https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2020.4240Baden, C., Kligler-Vilenchik, N., Yarchi, M. 2020, Hybrid Content Analysis: Toward a Strategy for the Theory-driven, Computer-assisted Classification of Large Text Corpora, Communication Methods and Measures, vol. 14, № 3, p. 165—183, https://doi.org/10.1080/19312458.2020.1803247Gao, H., Ding, X.-H., Wu, S. 2020, Exploring the domain of open innovation: Bibliometric and content analyses, Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 275, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122580Smit, B., Scherman, V. 2021, Computer-Assisted Qualitative Data Analysis Software for Scoping Reviews: A Case of ATLAS.ti, International Journal of Qualitative Methods, vol. 20, https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069211019140Zhikharevich, B. S., Gres, R. A., Pribyshin, T. K. 2023, Evolution of the content of strategies of Russian cities (1997—2022), Economics of the North-West: problems and prospects of development, № 2, p. 38—49, https://doi.org/10.52897/2411-4588-2023-2-38-49 (in Russ.).Fedorov, G. M. 2019, Three development strategies of the Kaliningrad region (1991—2018), Vestnik of Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University. Series: Natural and Medical Sciences, № 3, p. 5—19. EDN: HXPYPA (in Russ.).Разделительные линии в вопросах общей внешней политики в Европейском союзе: Россия как фактор поляризацииK. KhudoleyK.https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0666-1120Y. KolotaevY.https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8372-1193Amid the ongoing confrontation between Russia and the West, the processes of consolidation and divergence among political elites are crucial for understanding the mechanisms that form dividing lines. This is particularly important when examining the elites of the European Uni­on in their opposition to Russia. This article aims to develop a framework for analysing the dividing lines among EU elites in the context of relations with Russia. The analysis em­ploys a multi-tier model establishing a relationship between the ‘depth’ of a dividing line and the degree of elite disunity. The model includes two levels of analysis of dividing lines within the EU: supranational and national. The research demonstrates that, depending on the degree of interest misalignment and the availability of communication channels, elite divergence can result in segmentation, fragmentation or polarisation. Each of the tiers of divergence increa­singly reduces the likelihood of forming a common EU position on foreign policy issues. All three tendencies — segmentation, fragmentation and polarisation — are observed within the EU in relation to Russia at different levels of elite analysis. Crucial to the formation of a dividing line is the aspect of EU—Russia relations in question: the degree of distancing from the country or support for, and funding of, containment. Additional variables include factors such as the regional affiliation of the elite, their ideology and position within the power structure. Among all levels of analysis, polarisation is most evident in the efforts of supranational elites to promote ‘militant integration’, which conflicts with the interests of national elites and citizens of member states.053020268710710.5922/2079-8555-2024-3-5https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/15725/80348/Kotta, M. 2012, Political elites and the formation of political system on the example of the European Union, Comparative politics, vol. 3, № 3, p. 24—45. 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J. 2021, Economic, social and political fragmentation: Linking knowledge-biased growth, identity, populism and protectionism, European Journal of Political Economy, vol. 67, 101965, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2020.101965Karabushenko, P. L., Oskina, O. I. 2021, The post-truth of carnival political culture of the modern collective western elite, Modern Science and Innovations, № 2, p. 187— 196, https://doi.org/10.37493/2307-910X.2021.2.20Macy, M. W., Willer, R. 2002, From Factors to Actors: Computational Sociology and Agent-Based Modeling, Annual Review of Sociology, vol. 28, p. 143—166, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.28.110601.141117Bache, I., Flinders, M. 2004, Multi-level Governance, Oxford University Press, https://doi.org/10.1093/0199259259.001.0001Olenchenko, V. A., Mezhevich, N. M. 2021. 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A Study into the Europeanness of Europe’s Political and Economic Elites, URL: http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199602315.do (accessed 15.04.2024).Sperling, J., Webber, M. 2019, The European Union, Security Governance and Collective Securitization, West European Politics, vol. 42, p. 228—260, https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2018.1510193Henökl, T. 2020, An alternative reading of EU foreign policy administration, The Routledge Handbook of Critical European Studies, Routledge.Hurrelmann, A., DeBardeleben, J. 2009, Democratic dilemmas in EU multilevel governance: untangling the Gordian knot, European Political Science Review, vol. 1, № 2, p. 229—247, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1755773909000137Nicoli, F. 2020, Democratic Deficit and Its Counter-Movements: The Eurocentric–Eurosceptic Divide in Times of Functional Legitimacy: In Baldassari, M. et al. 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A. 2024, The Russian threat and the consolidation of the West: How populism and EU-skepticism shape party support for Ukraine’, European Union Politics, https://doi.org/10.1177/14651165241237136Курс на технологический суверенитет: новый глобальный тренд и российская спецификаV. SmorodinskayaN.https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4741-9197D. KatukovD.https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3839-5979This paper investigates the global trend of the early 2020s, characterized by securitization of industrial strategies and the course towards technological self-sufficiency/sovereignty (the TS course) in both developed and developing countries, accompanied by geopolitical fragmentation of the world economy. We first identify typical features of the process of securitization of industrial policy in the context of its historical models’ evolution, then consider parameters of the TS course, including motives, objectives, tools, and risks, in Western nations (EU and USA) and in leading BRICS members (China, India, Brazil). It is shown that Western countries strive for product and technological independence from China while aiming for global leadership in the field of semiconductor (USA) or green (EU) technologies. Conversely, China aims for a central role in the global economy, prioritizing technological independence from the West. In India and Brazil, the TS course is shaped by structural economic challenges and the risks of growth slowdown. Against this background, we proceed to examine Russia’s TS course, analyzing its rationale, design of TS projects, as well as limitations and risks posed by sanctions. Then we highlight distinctions between Russia’s TS course and its foreign analogues, as well as reveal risks of Russia’s increasing technological dependence on China. The conclusion suggests that achieving TS, driven by security imperatives, may present a more formidable challenge than anticipated by governments across different types of countries.0530202610813510.5922/2079-8555-2024-3-6https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/15725/80349/Smorodinskaya, N. V., Katukov, D. D., Malygin, V. E. 2021, Global value chains in the age of uncertainty: advantages, vulnerabilities, ways for enhancing resilience, Baltic Region, vol. 13, № 3, p. 78—107, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2021-3-5Morgan, T. C., Syropoulos, C., Yotov, Y. V. 2023, Economic sanctions: evolution, consequences, and challenges, Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 37, № 1, p. 3—29, https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.37.1.3Libman, A. 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V. 2015, Globalized economy: From hierarchies to a network order, Moscow, Institute of Economics RAS. EDN: WXCOYJKuznetsov, Y., Sabel, C. 2014, ‘New open economy industrial policy’ in Dutz, M. A., Kuznetsov, Y., Lasagabaster, E., Pilat, D. (eds.), Making innovation policy work: Learning from experimentation, Paris, OECD Publishing, p. 35—48, https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264185739-5-enRodrik, D. 2009, Industrial policy: don’t ask why, ask how, Middle East Development Journal, vol. 1, № 1, p. 1—29, https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793812009000024Warwick, K. 2013, Beyond industrial policy: Emerging issues and new trends, OECD Science, Technology and Industry Policy Papers, № 2, https://doi.org/10.1787/5k4869clw0xp-enAiginger, K., Ketels, C. 2024, Industrial policy reloaded, Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade, vol. 24, 7, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10842-024-00415-8Cha, V. 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The effects of a hard decoupling from China on the German economy, Kiel Policy Briefs, № 170.Panon, L., Lebastard, L., Mancini, M., Borin, A., Caka, P., Cariola, G., Essers, D., Gentili, E., Linarello, A., Padellini, T., Requena, F., Timini, J. 2024, Inputs in distress: geoeconomic fragmentation and firms’ sourcing, Questioni di Economia e Finanza, № 861.Shirov, A. A. (ed.). 2024, Transformation of the world economy: Possibilities and risks for Russia, Scientific report, Moscow, Dynamic Print.Roch, J., Oleart, A. 2024, How ‘European sovereignty’ became mainstream: the geopoliticisation of the EU’s ‘sovereign turn’ by pro-EU executive actors, Journal of European Integration, vol. 46, № 4, p. 545—565, https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2024.2326831Romanova, T. A. 2024, In different languages 2.0, Russia in Global Affairs, vol. 22, № 1, p. 72—92, https://doi.org/10.31278/1810-6374-2024-22-1-72-92European Commission 2024, Science, research and innovation performance of the EU — 2024: A competitive Europe for a sustainable future, Luxembourg, Publications Office of the European Union, https://doi.org/10.2777/965670Dietrich, A., Dorn, F., Fuest, C., Gros, D., Presidente, G., Mengel, P.-L., Tirole, J. 2024, Europe’s middle-technology trap, EconPol Forum, vol. 25, № 4, p. 32—39.von Daniels, L. 2024, Economy and national security: US foreign economic policy under Trump and Biden, SWP Research Papers, № 11, https://doi.org/10.18449/2024RP11Bown, C. P. 2022, How COVID-19 medical supply shortages led to extraordinary trade and industrial policy, Asian Economic Policy Review, vol. 17, № 1, p. 114—135, https://doi.org/10.1111/aepr.12359Reynolds, E. B. 2024, U.S. industrial transformation and the “how” of 21st century industrial strategy, Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade, vol. 24, 8, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10842-024-00420-xZenglein, M. J., Gunter, J. 2023, The party knows best: Aligning economic actors with China’s strategic goals, Berlin, MERICS.Herrero, A. G. 2021, What is behind China’s Dual Circulation Strategy, China Leadership Monitor, № 69.Murphy, B. 2022, Chokepoints: China’s self-identified strategic technology import dependencies, Center for Security and Emerging Technology, https://doi.org/10.51593/20210070Li, G., Branstetter, L. G. 2024, Does “Made in China 2025” work for China? Evidence from Chinese listed firms, Research Policy, vol. 53, № 6, 105009, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2024.105009Kumar, S. 2024, Development strategy for future India and Atmanirbhar Bharat: a way forward, Contemporary World Economy, vol. 1, № 4, p. 72—90, https://doi.org/10.17323/2949-5776-2023-1-4-72-90Chatterjee, S., Subramanian, A. 2023, India’s inward (re)turn: is it warranted? Will it work? Indian Economic Review, vol. 58, № S1, p. 35—59, https://doi.org/10.1007/s41775-023-00156-1Iasco-Pereira, H. C., Morceiro, P. C. 2024, Industrialization and deindustrialization: an empirical analysis of some drivers of structural change in Brazil, 1947—2021, Brazilian Journal of Political Economy, vol. 44, № 3, p. 177, https://doi.org/10.1590/0101-31572024-3645Suzigan, W., Garcia, R., Assis Feitosa, P. H. 2020, Institutions and industrial policy in Brazil after two decades: have we built the needed institutions? Economics of Innovation and New Technology, vol. 29, № 7, p. 799—813, https://doi.org/10.1080/10438599.2020.1719629Maskin, E. 2015, Why haven’t global markets reduced inequality in emerging economies? World Bank Economic Review, vol. 29, № suppl_1, p. S48—S52, https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhv013Lenchuk, E. B. 2023, Technological modernization as a basis for the anti-sanctions policy, Studies on Russian Economic Development, vol. 34, № 4, p. 54—66, https://doi.org/10.47711/0868-6351-199-54-66Shirov, A. A. (ed.). 2024, Russia 2035: toward a new quality of national economy, Scientific report, Moscow, Artique Print, https://doi.org/10.47711/sr1-2024Dezhina, I. G., Ponomarev, A. K. 2022, Approaches to ensuring Russia’s technological self-sufficiency, Science Management: Theory and Practice, vol. 4, № 3, p. 53— 68, https://doi.org/10.19181/smtp.2022.4.3.5Powell, W. W., Snellman, K. 2004, The knowledge economy, Annual Review of Sociology, vol. 30, № 1, p. 199—220, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.29.010202.100037Dezhina, I. G. (ed.). 2023, New countries on Russia’s science and technology agenda. Analytical report, Moscow, Skoltech. EDN: WQALNTSmorodinskaya, N. V., Katukov, D. D., Malygin, V. E. 2023, The problem of economic sustainability under sanctions: Iran’s experience and risks for Russia, Moscow, Institute of Economics, RAS.Dementiev, V. E. 2023, Technological sovereignty and priorities of localization of production, Terra Economicus, vol. 21, № 1, p. 6—18, https://doi.org/10.18522/2073-6606-2023-21-1-6-18Lee, K., Malerba, F. 2017, Catch-up cycles and changes in industrial leadership: windows of opportunity and responses of firms and countries in the evolution of sectoral systems, Research Policy, vol. 46, № 2, p. 338—351, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2016.09.006Altenburg, T., Corrocher, N., Malerba, F. 2022, China’s leapfrogging in electromobility. A story of green transformation driving catch-up and competitive advantage, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, vol. 183, № 4, 121914, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121914Baldwin, R., Freeman, R., Theodorakopoulos, A. 2022, Horses for courses: Measuring foreign supply chain exposure, NBER Working Papers, № 30525, https://doi.org/10.3386/w30525Fernández-Villaverde, J., Mineyama, T., Song, D. 2024, Are we fragmented yet? Measuring geopolitical fragmentation and its causal effect, NBER Working Papers, № 32638, https://doi.org/10.3386/w32638Kheifets, B. A. 2020, Technological rise of China: new challenges for Russia, Voprosy Ekonomiki, № 6, p. 104—120, https://doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2020-6-104-120Неравенство среди жителей и предприятий н латвийском интернет-рынке цифрового маркетингаČižoE.https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0654-2962BogdanovaN.https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5955-0218MietuleI.https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7662-9866KokarevicaA.https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6173-0910KudinsJ.https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5870-8023Despite the widespread adoption of digital technologies and their potential to break down traditional barriers in business and communication, many Latvian residents and enterprises still lack access to digital marketing tools and the advantages they offer. This article aims to analyze inequality among residents and enterprises in the Latvian online market of digital marketing. The conceptual basis of the study is the technology acceptance model (TAM), the theory of digital divide and the resource approach based on the theory of social fields. For dynamic analysis of statistical data, the con(di)vergence of indicators of the involvement of various socio-demographic and geographical groups of Latvian residents and enterprises in the online market of digital marketing is assessed. The empirical study is based on Latvian statistics for 2013—2022 (for some indicators — 2023). The results of the study show that the development of digital marketing in Latvia is happening very quickly, but the potential for development still remains very large, since with 90 % of Latvian residents regularly (at least once a week) using the internet, more than 30 % of Latvians have not yet made a purchase or order on the internet. The development of digital marketing in Latvia reduces socio-demographic and geographical inequalities among residents and enterprises in the online market in relation to the ‘digital inequality of input’ (access to the online market), but in relation to the ‘digital inequality of output’ (returns from this access) the equalizing opportunities of digital marketing in Latvia (especially in its regions) are limited by the specifics of the functioning of the economy based on social capital. In this economy, models and theories developed for the economy based on innovation practically do not work. The novelty of this study is a comprehensive analysis of the general background and dynamics of the development of the Latvian online market of digital marketing in the context of digital inequality among residents and enterprises.0530202613616210.5922/2079-8555-2024-3-7https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/15726/80350/Weng, J. 2023, The evolution of digital marketing in the 21st century: three periods analysis, BCP Business & Management, № 38, p. 2041—2046, https://doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v38i.4029Davidavičienė, V., Raudeliuniene, J., Jonyte-Zemlickiene, A., Tvaronaviciene, M. 2021, Factors affecting customer buying behavior in online shopping, Marketing and Management of Innovations, № 4, p. 11—19, http://doi.org/10.21272/mmi.2021.4-01Arbeláez-Rendón, M., Giraldo, D. 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EDN: OYOAUH (in Russ.).Meņšikovs, V. 2009, Kopkapitāls un jaunatnes dzīves stratēģijas: sociologiskais aspekts, Sociālo Zinātņu Vēstnesis, № 2, p. 7—37, https://du.lv/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/SZV_2009_2.pdf (in Latv.).Mensikovs, V., Kokina, I., Komarova, V., Ruza, O., Danilevica, A. 2020, Measuring multidimensional poverty within the resource-based approach: a case study of Latgale region, Latvia, Entrepreneurship and Sustainability Issues, vol. 8, № 2, p. 1211—1227, https://doi.org/10.9770/jesi.2020.8.2(72)Komarova, V., Mietule, I., Arbidane, I., Tumalavičius, V., Kokarevica, A. 2022, Resources and capital of different social classes in modern Latvia, Journal of Eastern European and Central Asian Research, vol. 9, № 3, p. 500—512, http://dx.doi.org/10.15549/jeecar.v9i3.861Seda, F., Setyawati, L., Pera, Y., Damm, M., Nobel, K. 2020, Social exclusion, religious capital, and the quality of life: multiple case studies of Indonesia and Thailand, Economics and Sociology, vol. 13, № 4, p. 107—124, https://doi.org/10.14254/2071-789X.2020/13-4/7Meņšikovs, V., Lavrinoviča, I. 2011, Sociālās diferenciācijas tendences mūsdienu Latvijā, Daugavpils Universitātes 53. starptautiskās zinātniskās konferences rakstu krājums, Daugavpils, Daugavpils Universitātes Akadēmiskais apgāds “Saule”, p. 121—134 (in Latv.).Barro, R. 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ZhitinD.https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3810-9138Amid ongoing globalisation, large cities are becoming increasingly attractive to migrants, resulting in a more multiethnic population composition, which underscores the growing importance of studying interethnic relations in metropolises. This work aims to explore the spatial localisation of ten ethnic groups residing in St. Petersburg: Ukrainians, Belarusians, Tatars, Jews, Georgians, Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Uzbeks, Tajiks and Moldovans. Using the ethnic concentration coefficient, the study examines the territorial heterogeneity of settlement among the city’s largest ethnic diasporas to identify patterns in residential choice. The data on national composition are derived from all-Russian population censuses. Most national minorities are distributed rather evenly across the city, but the Jewish and Georgian communities are notably concentrated in the central district of St. Petersburg. At the same time, the migration restrictions imposed due to the COVID-19 pandemic not only decreased the size of the Uzbek and Tajik diasporas, thereby normalising their gender and age distribution but also led to a more even dispersion of these ethnic groups across the city. Currently, there is no evident correlation between the spatial concentration of most ethnic groups in St. Petersburg and their level of social well-being.0530202616318610.5922/2079-8555-2024-3-8https://balticregion.kantiana.ru/baltic_region/15726/80351/Kapralov, A. 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A., Firebaugh, G., Bischoff, K. 2008, The Geographic Scale of Metropolitan Racial Segregation, Demography, vol. 45, № 3, p. 489—514, https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.0.0019Pinto-Coelho, J. M., Zuberi, T. 2015, Segregated Diversity, Sociology of Race and Ethnicity, vol. 1, № 4, p. 475—489, https://doi.org/10.1177/2332649215581057Reibel, M., Regelson, M. 2011, Neighborhood Racial and Ethnic Change: The Time Dimension in Segregation, Urban Geography, vol. 32, № 3, p. 360—382, https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.32.3.360Logan, J. R., Alba, R. D., Zhang, W. 2002, Immigrant Enclaves and Ethnic Communities in New York and Los Angeles, American Sociological Review, vol. 67, № 2, p. 299—322, https://doi.org/10.2307/3088897Kelman, Yu. F. 2014, Geographical analysis of the ethno-cultural diversity of the US population, Bulletin of the Moscow University, Series 5: Geography, № 5, p. 22—30. EDN: TFLQDF (in Russ.).Zhitin, D. V., Prokofiev, A. D. 2019, Spatial features of charging ethnic self-identification of US residents of European origin, Izvestiia Russkogo geograficheskogo obshchestva, vol. 151, № 3, p. 18—40, https://doi.org/10.31857/S0869-6071151318-40 (in Russ.).Zhitin, D. V., Prokofiev, A. D. 2021, Ethno-territorial features of social inequality in the USA, Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Earth Sciences, vol. 67, № 2, p. 333— 359, https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu07.2022.207 (in Russ.).Forrest, J., Johnston, R., Siciliano, F., Manley, D., Jones, K. 2017, Are Australia’s suburbs swamped by Asians and Muslims? Countering political claims with data, Australian Geographer, vol. 48, № 4, p. 457—472, https://doi.org/10.1080/00049182.2017.1329383Forrest, J., Johnston, R., Siciliano, F. 2022, Australian Ethnic residential segregation and identificational assimilation: An intergenerational analysis of those claiming single (heritage) and dual (with Australian) ancestries, Ethnicities, vol. 20, № 6, https://doi.org/10.1177/1468796819877572Manley, D., Johnston, R., Jones, K., Owen, D. 2015, Macro-, Meso- and Microscale Segregation: Modeling Changing Ethnic Residential Patterns in Auckland, New Zealand, 2001—2013, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, vol. 105, № 5, p. 951—967, https://doi.org/10.1080/00045608.2015.1066739Manley, D., Johnston, R., Jones, K. 2018, Decomposing Multi-Level Ethnic Segregation in Auckland, New Zealand, 2001—2013: Segregation Intensity for Multiple Groups at Multiple Scales, Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, vol. 10, № 3, p. 319—338, https://doi.org/10.1111/tesg.12314Manakov, A. 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S. 2019, Social space of Moscow: peculiarities and patterns, Izvestiya RAN. Seriya geograficheskaya, № 6, p. 3—17, https://doi.org/10.31857/S2587-5566201963-17 (in Russ.).Albakova, F. Y. 2015, Cultural-anthropological aspects of national policy of the metropolis, Bulletin of Russian nation, № 6, p. 126—136. EDN: VVSTBJ (in Russ.).Bedrina, Ye. B. 2019, The features of resettlement of labour migrants from foreign countries in Russian metropolises, Economy of region, vol. 15, № 2, p. 451—464, https://doi.org/10.17059/2019-2-11 (in Russ.).Dobykina, A. A. 2015, New ghettos in the old way. Issues of adaptation and segregation of migrants in a modern city, The Scientific Opinion, № 12-2, p. 69—76. EDN: VJXWVD (in Russ.).Vendina, O. I. 2004, Can ethnic neighborhoods arise in Moscow?, Vestnik obshchestvennogo mneniya. Dannye. Analiz. Diskussii, № 3, p. 52—64 (in Russ.).Zhitin, D. V., Krasnov, A. I. 2015, Territorial concentration of ethnic groups in Saint Petersburg, Izvestiya Russkogo geograficheskogo obshchestva, vol. 147, № 2, p. 56—72. EDN: TNZIVN (in Russ.).Zhitin, D. V., Sechi, G., Krisjane, Z., Berzins, M. 2020, Socio-spatial differentiation in transition: a preliminary comparative analysis of post-soviet Saint Petersburg and Riga, Baltic Region, vol. 12, № 1, p. 85—114, https://doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2020-1-6